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The photographic news
- Bandzählung
- 24.1880
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- 1880
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- Bandzählung
- No. 1153, October 8, 1880
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Zeitschrift
The photographic news
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Band
Band 24.1880
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- Register Index 631
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Band
Band 24.1880
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482 THE PHOTOGRAPHIC NEWS. LOcTOBER 8, 1880 120 of bromide. The rapid plates were prepared by the method I have described, and were picked plates-—that is, only the best out of each batch were taken, the picking being necessary with some of my earlier ones owing to opaque dull spots which Coignet’s gelatine so often engenders when not corrected as I have also described. The slower plates required no picking, as they were prepared with half Nelson’s No. 1 gelatine, and half his ordinary opaque, the emulsion being boiled only for about five or six minutes, and then treated in the usual manner. Half my elides I invariably filled with one sort of plates, and half with the other, as I had a sneaking wish to give the longer exposures, the wish being fostered by my old apprenticeship to wet plate work. When one has worked for twenty years at landscapes with the latter, one has a pretty extensive knowledge of the expo sure proper to give with it, and then, through perversity of human nature, one wishes to give such an exposure rather than to diminish or increase it by any given factor. In more communications than one I have stated that one of the great advantages of the bromo-iodide plates is the great latitude of exposure that is admissable, and it struck me that if by accident I should give a slow plate the exposure I should give to a wet plate, I should still be able to secure good results, particularly when I developed by a method I shall have presently to describe. Let me enumerate some of the exposures that were given to some of the plates. Here I transcribe a few. (1) . An open valley, bounded by snow mountains, 8-30 a.m., No. 2 landscape, wide angle lens, No. 3X stop, a rapid plate, 1} seconds’ exposure—correctly timed. (2) . Snow peaks seen from a height, no foreground, 230 p.m., rapid plate, same lens and stop, about 2 second exposure —correctly timed. (3) . Same peaks seen from lower down, foreground of fir trees, same lens and stop, rapid plate, 2 seconds’ exposure— mountains rather over-done, foreground rather under timed. (4) . Everything the same except the plate, which was a slow plate; the distance shaded during exposure; the snow mountains received about 6 seconds’ exposure, and the foreground about 20 seconds—resulting negative excellent in every way. (5) . An open view, no close foreground, 3 p.m., slow plate, 8 seconds’ exposure—correctly timed. These are examples which may be considered typical. It will be seen that where the view was fairly uniformly lighted, the rapid plates answered well, but where there was a dark foreground, there was every chance of the view being overdone in parts. It is next to impossible to shade of part of the view during a second’s exposure, while it becomes possible and easy where the exposure is prolonged to (say) 10 or 20 seconds. Unfortunately for me, the proportion of quick and slow plates I had with me were as 4 to 1, and the lesson I learnt was that I wished the proportions had been the other way. For landscape work, then, 1 have quite come to the conclusion that, as a rule, a slow plate is more advan tageous than a quick one ; a plate 2 to 4 times more rapid than a wet plate is preferable to one 10 or 20 times more rapid. Why not, it may be said, instead of diminishing the rapidity of the plates, still further decrease the size of the stops? They are quite small enough already, and one has to beware of diffraction when the aperture is much smaller. Let me now enumerate how my own plates turned out. 1 exposed sixty-four of them in all. Defective Negatives. One due to reversing it in the slide. Two due to slight frilling (no alum was used, and this particular batch of plates required it). Two due to defective plates (evidently dust during pre paration). One due to dust on the plate during exposure. Two due to over-exposure of rapid plates. One due to under-exposure. Of the remainder, I should say that forty-two are really good negatives, and the remainder decent ones; iu other words, that two out of three plates exposed are everything that can be expected from gelatine. Some of the passable negatives I rank under that category because they have small spots where bubbles collected during development, and thus spoilt their general character. This leads me to the subject of development, which is one that I cannot pass over. It will have been noticed the arrangement I took out with me. During part of time I had the advantage of a developing sink belonging to Mr. Darwin, who worked away with com mercial plates, with what general results I cannot speak, but perhaps he will do so for himself. When with him 1 exclu sively used Edwards’ developer, and we both of us were troubled to a certain extent with the formation of air-bells, which damaged some of what would otherwise have been our best negatives. Going abroad again, I should most certainly, immediately the developer was over the plate, sweep over each plate with a broad brush to get rid of these nuisances, from which even ferrous oxalate development is not entirely free. The glycerine seemingly aggravates the nuisance, how ever, and the action of the alkaline developer is so rapid that eve'n where the bubbles are discovered by the dim light used, the mischief is partially remediable. With ferrous oxalate, the development being slower, they can be brushed off, and no ill effects result. The lesson that I have learnt in this re spect is this: not to develop more than one out of every five or six pictures taken, unless daylight (properly modified, of course) can be brought into requisition. By daylight all the small bubbles can be at once seen, which it is difficult to do by candle-light, and these are the great drawbacks to ob taining good negatives. Another point that the tourist should bear in mind is, that the night is rarely dark enough in July or August till late, and that he mist stop awake to develop when he should most probably be in bed pre paring for an early start. I found that to develop three or four negatives it was seldom that I could be in bed before half-past eleven o’clock, instead of two hours earlier. Luckily, one does not require so much sleep when one is in high altitudes such as at Zermatt, and hence the short night did not tell on me as it would have done at home. One other lesson in development I learnt, but that not till I came back, and that is to give plenty of exposure, anil develop by ferrous oxalate developer. Perhaps a rather detailed description of how I manage may be told without too much wearying my reader, if ho have waded thus far into my history. Prepare a 16-ounce bottle of ferrous oxalate (not by the mixture of the two solutions, but in the good old-fashioned way, of saturating a saturated solu tion of potassium oxalate with ferrous oxalate), and take three teacups (thanks, Mr. Bolas, for the hint); into one (1), place 2 ounces of ferrous oxalate and an equal bulk of water; into another (2), 4 ounces of ferrous oxalate ; into the third (3), 4 ounces of ferrous oxalate and ± ounce of a 20-grain solu tion of potassium bromide. To develop a plate, place it in a dish and cover it with one sweep with No. 1 ; if the image appear very rapidly, pour it back into the cup, and apply No. 3 ; if it appear slowly, use No. 2 instead ; if moderately quickly, let it develop out with No. 1. Where you want to prevent strong contrasts, No. 1 is most effective. The negatives when developed in this manner are beautiful to look at. Moderate over-exposure is no drawback. No. 3 checks development, but gives intensity. Another point to be attended to is, not to withdraw the plate too soon, but let the image come well through the film ; when you fancy it is dense enough, give it still another five minutes in the solution. The deve lopment is mechanical enough, in all conscience ; don’t make it more so than you can help, however. You can give a cer tain amount of real intensity, if you wish, by pouring strong developer on the parts requiring it. There is a dodge to acilitate this which 1 will describe on a future occasion-
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