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The photographic news
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- 35.1891
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- Bandzählung
- No. 1720, August 21, 1891
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The photographic news
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Thus there seems to be a consensus of opinion that, in some way or other, the radiating streaks are due to cracks, and we can only conceive of such fractures as being due to a disruptive action, originated by the reaction of the interior of the moon upon its outer crust. Taking so much for granted, we may pass on to the question of the nature of the disruptive force. Was it due—as Messrs. Nasmyth and Carpenter say —to the expansion of molten rocky matter below the moon’s surface on nearing the point of solidification ? Or was it originated by the cooling and consequent contraction of the body of the moon, which would leave the outer crust here and there un supported, and hence this crust, in settling down and endeavouring to adapt itself to a smaller surface below, would undergo tangential strains and thrusts which, it is easy to conceive, might result in a certain amount of fracturing? A simple illustration of this is afforded by the wrinkling of the skin of an apple as it dries. The soft pericarp below shrinks as it loses water, and so the skin has to settle down and accommodate itself to a smaller surface, and in doing so it must inevitably be wrinkled, or thrown into folds. This is a view which might, perhaps, commend itself to a geologist, for it is on a similar theory that geologists explain the great foldings which have produced terrestrial mountain chains, which latter are clearly con nected with lines of weakness or fracture such as they suppose allowed rocky matter from below (charged with steam) to well up to the surface and so give rise to volcanic action. Volcanoes, as we pointed out in our last paper, have a striking connection with mountain chains. On this view the folding, contortion, and fracturing of strata, so conspicuous in mountains, is a secondary result of the secular refrigeration of our planet. Nothing short of this seems, at present, equal to the Titanic work of upheaval. At the same time the theory is not proved, and some authorities refuse to accept it. Let us now turn to the earth and see what geology tells us about terrestrial cracks. These are of two kinds: first, there are the “ faults,” to which we have already referred ; secondly, the “trap-dykes,” which are very numerous in Scotland and northern England. It may easily be conceived that the force which was sufficient to raise vast masses of solid rock of immense thickness from the bottom of the sea, where they were deposited, high into the air in order to form dry land, and, moreover, to bend them into great folds and contortions of all sizes, might also be sufficient to crack and break them through. Accordingly, we find in the stratified series very frequent instances of cracks running through great thicknesses of rock, and obviously caused by disturbing force; sometimes they are mere fissures, but more frequently there is not only a severance but a displace ment of the rocks that have been severed. Strata once continuous are left at very different levels on opposite sides of the fissure. Hence the term “ fault.” Some of the “faults” known to geologists are not only of great horizontal length as traced along the surface, but of very considerable depth, and have produced enormous dis placements. Thus, the great Pennine “ fault ” of the north of England is known to be at least fifty-five miles long,and has a “throw” of 6,000 to 7,000 feet—i.e., the rocks on either side have been displaced to that extent. It was probably formed at some time during the upheaval of the Pennine range of hills, which runs north and south, as the “fault” also does. The Tyndale “fault” has a throw of nearly 3,000 feet, and it runs eastwards for about fifty miles. Fractures not unfrequently occur along the axes of great folds, such as we find in mountain chains, the strata having snapped under the great tension to which they were subjected during upheaval. Thus, we find “ faults ” running parallel with some of the great mountain chains of the world—the Alps and Himalayas are cases in point. This connection between great terrestrial cracks and important mountain ranges is only what might have been expected. The Unita Mountains of Wyoming and Utah consist of one broad, flattened fold, with a displacement, in places where the uplift has been greatest, of 20,000 feet! If the lunar streaks under consideration are due to “faults,” it is difficult to understand how the level on each side should be so little disturbed. As a general rule, the brightness of the lunar surface corresponds to the altitude of the ground. Mr. Ranyard says the rays do not corres pond to lofty ridges, or even to ridges a few hundred feet in altitude, for no ridges casting shadows as the sun rises and sets can be detected as coincident with the streaks. It seems generally admitted that they do not correspond to lava-streams, for the rays run across mountains and plains, and even through the rings and cavities of old craters. (To be continued.) WAYZEGOOSE and Presentation.—On Saturday, Aug. 15th, the employes of Messrs. Percy Lund and Co. held their annual wayzegoose at Morecambe. Two saloon carriages were engaged, and the railway journey from Bradford was enlivened with songs and recitations. On reaching Morecambe the party divided into small companies to seek amusement indifferent ways, but in the afternoon they reassembled at the Regent’s Park Gardens, which was the headquarters for the day. There a couple of hours were spent in various amusements, to which the wayze goose ticket provided admission. After tea, which was served in a marquee in the gardens, short speeches were made by Messrs. Percy Lund, F. Rodger, E. Cullingford, H. Snowden Ward, W. Ethelbert Henry, and Wm. Ward ; and Mr. F. Rodger and Mr. E. Cullingford, on behalf of their fellow-workers, pre sented to Mr. H. Snowden Ward a handsome inscribed travel ling writing-desk, on the occasion of his leaving Bradford to take the management of the London branch of the business. Glass Plates in Place of Lithographic Stones, Sx.— Mr. Fred. Winterhoff, of Cologne, Germany, has invented and patented a process of preparing glass plates, which can be used in the place of lithographic stones and zinc plates, not only for printing directly or for preserving originals, but also for the preparation of impressions which can be transferred upon stone, zinc, glass, or other material. The preparation of the glass plates is simple, and may be executed by any intel ligent workman. The plates occupy much less space than the lithographic stones, are cheaper, may be made of any size and quality desired, and their use requires less work and, therefore, less expense. The process consists in the covering of the glass plate with some sensitive substance—for instance, asphaltum or gelatine combined with chromate of potassium. This must be done evenly, and is allowed to dry, after which an impression taken from another plate is transferred upon the glass plate covered with the sensitive matter. The transfer paper is removed, the transfer appearing upon the plate covered with some metallic powder, like bronze or leaf metal ; the space upon which the transfer has been made is now exposed to the sun for half an hour, and then washed with mineral oil. The spots which were protected from the impressions during the transfer will wash off, while the others have hardened and will adhere to the plate. After this the plate is etched very deep with hydrofluoric acid, washed off and cleaned, and is then ready for use as a printing plate. From it may be taken impressions for transfers at any time ; and any number of impressions may be taken directly without wearing it out.— Lithographic Art Journal,
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