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The photographic news
- Bandzählung
- 7.1863
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- 1863
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Bandzählung
- No. 275, December 11, 1863
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Zeitschrift
The photographic news
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Band 7.1863
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- Register Index 619
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Band 7.1863
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December 11, 1863.] THE PHOTOGRAPHIC NEWS. 593 THE DISCOVERER OF THE USE OF BROMINE IN PHOTOGRAPHY. A few Facts and an Appeal. BY JABEZ HUGHES. As the early history of photography is now engaging attention, a statement of the claims of a little-known discoverer will not be out of place. To John Frederick Goddard wo aro indebted for the first dis covery and publication of the use of bromine in photography. The interesting circumstances attendant afford an opportunity of recording some facts connected with early photography as illustrated in the Daguerreotype process. Daguerre, after many years of experimental labour, announced his discovery, in January, 1839, and showed specimen pictures; but it was not till August in the same year he disclosed the process itself, the French Government having in the interval purchased the secret, “ as an invention that did not admit of being patented,” and they generously published it “for the glory of endowing tho world of science and art with one of the most wonderful discoveries of our native land.” Nevertheless, Daguerre, while negotiating with the French Government, secured a patent in England. Daguerre made few improvements; in his hands the process was only able to delineate still life objects, for an exposure of twenty minutes or half an hour, with bright sunshine, was required. Enterprising individuals, however, immediately practised the art, and went forth armed with this now power to depict celebrated monuments and other ob jects. Many of these thin, filmy, shimmering pictures were exhibited in London, and offered for sale at tho Polytechnic Institution. They were taken on plates 8} by 6} inches, and, though wondrously admired as curiosities, found few purchasers. The prices ranged from one guinea and a half to two or three guineas each. Up to this point Daguerre’s discovery remained as a scientific Wonder, but with little commercial value. Improvements were required so that impressions could bo taken quickly, and in a subdued light; and theso improvements were first made by Mr. Goddard. Tho circumstances of his introduction to photography aro curious. When tho particulars of Daguerre’s process wore pub lished, Professor Morse resided in Paris. He communicated the details to tho scientific men of Now York, many of whom im mediately commenced experiments, and, among others, Messrs. John Johnson and A. Woolcott, who worked together. Mr. Woolcott, with a view to take pictures quicker, devised a camera with a concave mirror, instead of a lens, and the plate was placed in the focus of the mirror. By this means they were able, so early as October, 1839, to take a profile portrait of Mr. Johnson with only five minutes' exposure in the bright sunshine, the plato being not quite three-eighths of an inch square. In January, 1840, Messrs. Johnson and Woolcott were so far satis- lied with tho improvements they had made in the reflecting camera (they were able to take portraits 2J inches by 2), as “ to entertain serious thoughts of making a business of taking likenesses from life.” Early in February, 1840, Mr. Johnson, sen., came to Europe with a few of the likenesses, with the intention of patenting the reflecting camera. Mr. Carpmael, the patent agent, being engaged with Mr. Beard on patent business, called Mr. B’s. attention to this subject as likely to be a good speculation, and Mr. Beard united with Mr. Johnson in taking out letters patent for the reflecting camera. This was Mr. Beard’s first introduction to photography. As neither Mr. Beard nor Mr. Johnson were men of science, but engaged in commerce, they felt it necessary to secure a competent person to bring out their new camera. They applied to Mr. Longbotham, o ithe Polytechnic Institution to name a gentleman likely to aid them. He mentioned Mr. Goddard, then engaged as lecturer on optics and natural philosophy at the Adelaide Gallery, as a gentleman exactly suited for them, if they could secure his services. Mr. Goddard, who was already familiar with the Daguerreotype process, entered into tho pro ject with zeal, engaging himself to undertake experiments to test tho value of tho now instrument, and also to endeavour to improve the process itself. This was about Midsummer, 1840, and although Daguerre’s discovery had been about a year before the public, excepting this reflecting camera, no improve ment whatever had been made. Mr. Goddard soon found that, as all his pictures required con tinuous sunshine, even with his “ quick-acting ” camera—to use a modern phrase—he was often obliged to suspend his experi ments for want of light (his premises were in Holbom), so he sot to work to find a means to take pictures without direct sun shine. In the Autumn of 1840 he discovered the extreme sensitiveness of tho use of bromine with iodine, a discovery which reduced the exposure from minutes to seconds, and per mitted pictures to be produced in a subdued light. This valu able discovery was published in the Literary Gazette, December 12th, 1840. Mr. Goddard saw at once the value of his dis covery in a commercial sense, and recommended Mr. Beard to purchase the patent from Daguerre, in whose hands it still re mained ; and also to abandon his reflecting camera as no longer necessary, but to use lenses by which larger and better pictures could be obtained. Mr. Beard had the wisdom to avail himself of these suggestions, and from this time dates the commence ment of a new industrial art—professional and commercial photography. After this, Mr. Goddard instituted an elaborate series of experiments on the haloid bodies. Iodine, bromine, chlorine, and fluorine, and in Feb., 1841, he deposited a paper in tho Archives of the Royal Society, detailing his sensitive process of chlorine with iodine for taking portraits from life. A copy of this paper was presented to each of tho licensees of Mr. Beard, as directions for making their sensitive solutions. With the exception of M. Fizeau’s method of gilding tho plate, no vital discovery was ever afterwards made in daguerreo type, all other improvements were but matters of detail. The introduction of bromine into photography enabled it to pass from a curiosity of tho laboratory to be one of the proudest discoveries of the nineteenth century. It became immediately a new and unique source of happiness to mankind—a boon and a blessing to all brought within its influence. Due honour has been rendered to the great prime movers—Daguerre, Fox Talbot, Archer—but tho claims of one still living amongst us, who found the art at a dead-lock, and who gave it an impetus which it has never lost, are not so well known. They have never been so fully stated as in this paper, and, perhaps, would not have been so urgently made now, but that the worst part of my story has yet to be told—this worthy man is in want! He is old and frail; ho has well-nigh reached the Psalmist’s “ threescore and ten and he is in penury—literally without means—and is living on charity. It is proposed to raise a fund to relieve the necessities of this deserving gentleman; and I appeal to all photographers to honour themselves and their craft by rendering the few re maining years of this early father in photography free from at least the anxieties of physical want. Mr. Goddard has spent the greater part of his life in scientific pursuits. In the Society of Arts Session, 1837-8, he received the silver medal from the society for his apparatus for experi ments on polarised light, and at the same session he contributed a paper explaining the subject. Ho was one of the earliest lecturers on the oxyhydrogen microscope, and was engaged lecturer at tho Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institu tions on optics and kindred subjects. He brought out the opaque microscope, that marvellous instrument, that exhibited a highly magnified drop of water, with its myriads of horrible inhabitants. He was the first to exhibit a highly magnified photographic image on the screen of a lecture room, the subject being a Daguerreotype of the late Prince Consort, in the pre sence of tho Prince himself. Fifteen years ago, Mr. Claudet, in the Philosophical Journal, when discussing the priority of discovery of the use of bromine, frankly conceded the honour to Mr. Goddard, and used these words:—“ The name of Mr. Goddard should be honourably mentioned in the history of the progress of photography; not only for tho discovery to which I have just alluded, but also for having been one of the first in England who investigated with zeal, enthusiasm, and scientific ability, tho phenomena con nected with this admirable invention.” I leave the matter now in tho hands of the photographic public, confident that I have but to make the appeal to those who have profited by the practice of the art, to give from their stores to solace tho declining years of one who helped tho art when it much needed it. To give effect to this appeal, the gentlemen whoso names aro appended will thankfully receive contributions, and their names will be a guarantee for the accuracy of the statements made, and for tho proper application of the funds,
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