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The photographic news
- Bandzählung
- 6.1862
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- 1862
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Bandzählung
- No. 209, September 5, 1862
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Zeitschrift
The photographic news
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Band 6.1862
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- Register Index 619
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Band 6.1862
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September 5, 1862.] THE PHOTOGRAPHIC NEWS. 427 * Continued from p. 405. * Concluded from p. 418. Too great an excess of iodine also produces the same results by the same causes. We know that the presence of iodine in the collodion is betrayed by the tint which this metalloid communicates to the liquid; this tint should never be deeper than orange yellow. A silver bath in a too concentrated state will also cause the formation of spots in the collodion film, and by the same cause, that is to say, by a too vigorous action, by a too prompt decomposition of the iodides. To avoid this mischievous result, the silver bath must never contain more than 8 grains of crystallized nitrate of silver to 100 grains of distilled water.—Moniteur de la Photographie. (To be continued.) in the two forms, the diameter of the positive figure is to that of the negative as 2'77 is to 1. The same physicist has lately made an elaborate examination of Priestly’s rings, which are formed when a large number of sparks strike on A SHORT LESSON IN CHEMISTRY.—No. 2.* Tub names of the elements of matter are in general arbitrary, being those which they had before chemistry was a science ; and consequently there is nothing in them to indicate ystem or classification : such are sulphur, gold, lead, arsenic, fc Those bodies that have been discovered lately, that is since chemistry has been developing into a science, have taived appellations either in accordance with a rule, or indicative of their origin or constitution : such are platinum, iridium, &c., which take the termination um in imitation of Latin termination for metals ; as in plumbum (lead), Qurum (gold), stibium (tin), &c.; whereas oxygen, chlorine, are words compounded of Greek roots. But the moment we leave the elements and begin to deal with their compounds, the names of the combinations have been Appropriated in strict subserviency to rules emanating from the science. In this way each compound receives a name hich classifies it into a group, and carries with it certain Specialities that individualize it in this group ; that is, the very name tells almost all that a chemist wishes to know About the substance primarily. For instance, iodide of Potassium, sulphide of silver, chlorate of soda, are very Explicit terms and quite intelligible if the rules are thoroughly commited ; that is, those rules in accordance "th which they have been given. It is, therefore, necessary to teach you something about those rules by which all Chemical combinations are named. and fluorine, hydrogen and sulphur, hydrogen and selenium, &c., have an acid reaction, and are denominated, sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid, hyposulphurous, hyposulphuric, &c.; silicic acid, carbonic, hydrofluoric acid, hydrosulphuric acid, hydroseluic acid, &c.; again, oxygen with certain metals forms acid compounds; as for instance, with gold, iron, manganese, giving rise to auric acid, ferric acid, and per manganic acid. The termination ous indicates a less degree of acidity than ic ; the prefix hypo or sub (under), diminishes both ous and ic, so that hyposulphurous acid contains a less quantity of acidifying material, or at least a less quantity of one of the elements than sulphurous acid; and hypo- sulphuric than sulphuric. The prefix per, or hyper (over), increases the intensity of acidity, or the quantity of one of the elements both of the ous and ic acids; for instance, per chloric acid contains more oxygen by weight in reference to the chlorine than chloric acid. The acids containing hydrogen as one of their elements, are very unique in their appellations, the prefix being hydro (for hydrogen), whilst the termination is ic, and the epithet between them indicates the base ; that is the other element, whether simple or com pound. The latter form is exemplified by hydrocyanic acid, &c. The ide binaries arc modified also by prefixes, these prefixes being proto (first), bi, bin, or dent (second), sesqui (one and a-half), ter or trit (third), quadri (fourth), penta (fifth), per (highest or last), snd sub (less or under); these prefixes indicate an increase or decrease in one of the elements; that is, of the metalloid, according to the expressions used ; as, for instance, protochloride or mercury, sesquioxide of uranium, &c. Now in these two rules all binary compounds are comprehended, with the exception of a few substances that have long been known by common names, and which still retain their arbitrary appellations; as, for instance, water (protoxide of hydrogen), ammonia (nitride of hydrogen), steel (carbide of hydrogen). Now let us sum up the instruction of this lesson : Binaries are either acid or non acid substances, of which the latter are distin guished by the termination ide, or have arbitrary names ; the former by the termination ous or ic, accompanied with prefixes. Reservation. . . . Not all acids are bina ries, as I will show you hereafter. Examples : Bromine combines with cadmium, iodine with lithium— what are the names of the resulting compounds ? Ans.—Bromide of cadmium, iodide of lithium. Carbon combines with hydrogen, phosphorus with hydr- gen, arsenic with hydrogen, selenium with hydrogen—how are these compounds denominated? Ans.—Carbide of hydrogen (carburetted hydrogen—old name), phosphide of hydrogen (phosphoretted hydrogen— old name), arsenide of hydrogen (arseneretted hydrogen- old name), selenide of hydrogen (seleniuretted hydrogen— old name).—Humphrey's Journal. * ON THE STUDY OF THE ELECTRIC SPARK BY THE AID OF PHOTOGRAPHY* BY PROF. OGDEN N. ROOD, OF TROY, N.Y. Form of the Negative Spark when Drawn from the Prime Conductor by a Short Thick Metallic Rod. The production of Lichtenberg’s figures has been considered as indicative of a real difference between positive and nega tive electricity. Riess, who has examined this subject with great care, found that in addition to the marked difference The simplest combinations are what are called binaries or sombinations of pairs of elements. Such combinations take Pace either between the metals and the metalloids, or between pairs of different metalloids, but not between pairs ‘ the metals. In such combinations one of the elements is Wed generally as the base of the compound, and is de- tominated as such; the other is an epithet or qualifying , which takes the generic termination ide, accompanied Retimes by certain prefixes ; for instance, the compounds chlorine and lead, bromine and cadmium, sulphur and hnic, sulphur and carbon, oxygen and iron, oxygen and oP.ogen, are respectively called chloride of lead, bromide osadmium, sulphide of arsenic, bisulphide of carbon, oxide eron, protoxide of nitrogen, and peroxide of nitrogen. In Mh of these examples the metal is regarded as the base, (noere the combinations exist entirely in pairs of metalloids, thatrule is more frequently modified, because the bodies tl resutt from such combinations are modified; in fact (ir! are distinctly different from the preceding. The arisnenc alluded 0 is acidity; for many of the binaries, Bheng from pairs of the metalloids, are acid or sour bodies ; By Tsas those from pairs of metalloid or metal are seldom so. den, Sscond rule in chemistry, it has been agreed upon to the " inate all substances possessing an acid reaction, by tlemgeneri, termination ous or ic, attached to one of the tithesnt8, together with certain prefixes, which indicate "Ths tl ^ e T'ee of acidity or simply the other element, fhlorindeocompounds of oxygen and sulphur, oxygen and „ ug0 u J ppanns suine un JaPP and silicon, oxygen and carbon, hydrogen | polished plates of metal, and arrived at the conclusion that
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