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The photographic news
- Bandzählung
- 12.1868
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- 1868
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Bandzählung
- No. 498, March 20, 1868
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Zeitschrift
The photographic news
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Band
Band 12.1868
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- Titelblatt Titelblatt I
- Kapitel Preface III
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- Register The Index To Volume XII 619
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Band 12.1868
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138 THE PHOTOGRAPHIC NEWS. [March 20, 1868. toning and fixing bath made up as recommended is certainly a solution which deserves further investigation; its results are certain, its manipulation easy, the tones it gives are good, the time it takes to produce them is not excessive, and, finally, the fixation, aided by a short immersion in hyposulphite of ammonia (a confessedly imperfect sample, too), is perfect; for I think if prints will stand the test to which these have been submitted there is not much fear of their fading from silver left in the whites; that is, from imperfect fixation. I hope to investigate the matter more fully anon, and look forward with much pleasure to the receipt of the pure sample of hyposulphite of ammonia promised from Newcastle, as I cannot but think it will prove even more efficient than the mixed salt hitherto recommended. It does not seem to me there will be any difficulty in getting this ammonia salt when wanted, as another chemist, of high repute among photographers, says, in a letter received a few days back: “ I shall be happy to supply as much hyposulphite of ammonia as photographers call for.” 1 hope that those photographers who take an interest in these experiments will make some trials for themselves, as it would be useful and good in all ways to have the results I have described confirmed by independent testimony ; and should any discrepancies arise, the discussion of them could not fail to elucidate some point of interest connected with the matter, and might add greatly to the usefulness of these remarks. THE MAGIC LANTERN AND PHOTOGRAPHY. BY JAMES MARTIN. No. 8. Sincerely hoping that the instructions given in the fore going papers will enable those of my readers who persevere to paint and mount in its holder the photographic trans parency or outline with success, I now proceed, according to promise, to describe the various sorts of lanterns, their appli ances, how to light, and how to use them. Lanterns are made of various sizes, governed by the size of the lenses to be used; therefore, before commencing to make one, that question must be decided, as it will not only govern the size of the lantern, but its cost, its portability, and its general utility. The most useful sizes are those having the condensers of from 3 to 4 inches in diameter. A smaller-sized picture than 3 inches in diameter will con tain very little subject-matter. When the condensers are above 4 inches in diameter, the expense of everything belonging to the apparatus is enormously increased, it becomes very cumbersome, and only fit for a large hall or public lecture-room. As 3}-inch pictures are almost uni versally sold, and to this sized lantern the quarter-plate lens can be fitted as objective, I will give the details and mode of construction of a suitable lantern. The bodies of lanterns are usually made of japanned tin, sheet iron, zinc, or other suitable metal ; they are also made of wood lined with metal. The top and chimney should, in all cases.be made of metal only; and the joints seamed, not soldered, as the great heat might cause the solder to run. When the body is made of wood, the parts should be screwed together like a well-made camera. The dimensions of the body of a lantern for lenses of the size recommended are as follows :—Height, 15 inches; length, 8} inches; breadth, 6 inches; height of the chimney, 13 inches; diameter at the base, 4} inches, tapering to 2, inches at the upper small end, where it must have a crook or bend, to pre vent the light from showing into the room. I prefer having a door at the back and side, and this plan will be found most convenient. The door may be about 4 inches wide, and must be of sufficient height to allow of the lighted lamp, with its glass chimney fixed, being placed on the lamp stage while being held upright. There must be a stout wire handle affixed to the upper part of each of the two sides. The door is placed on the right-hand side, except when lanterns arc made to be used in pairs ; in that case the doors are one on the right-hand side of one lantern, the other on the left-hand side of its fellow. A circular orifice is made on the top, round which a collar is fixed of about three- quarters of an inch in depth, in which the chimney fits. In the front a round orifice is made of 3} inches in diameter, and its height from the base must be governed by the height of the lamp or other means of lighting to be used, and so arranged that the centre of the flame shall be opposite the centre of the orifice. The nozzle of the lantern consists of a cone with an aperture corresponding with that cut in the front of the body, and placed at its larger end upon a metal plate, to be fixed at a distance of one inch from the lantern, having inside this plate another which is allowed to play freely in front of the body by two springs. The slide is placed between the loose plate and the body. The nozzle may be made to slip on and oft the front of the body; this method will be found very convenient for packing, as when two lanterns are used the chimneys and lamps can be packed in one, and the nozzles with their lenses in the other, and the whole contained in a square box of comparatively small dimensions. In front of the cone there are two tubes fitted, one within the other, so that the inner one slides easily in and out in the outer one ; and at the back are placed the focussing lenses when it is intended that a portrait combina tion shall be used. I should recommend that either the cone should be turned of wood, or have a wooden face at its smaller end, so that the flange of the lens may be screwed to it. This method will prevent any necessity of trusting (perhaps) a valuable lens in the hands of an unskilled work man, a proceeding most certainly to be avoided. Inside the lantern, close and opposite to the opening cut in the front, must be placed the condenser, fitted in a bolter or flange as may be. About one inch from the bottom is placed the lamp-stage, having a sliding arrangement to regulate the distance of the lamp from the condenser, and moved to and fro by means of a wire handle passing through the back of the lantern. A small circular rim is made in the centre of the stage, in which the lamp is placed ; and in the centre of this rim a hole is cut to enable air to pass up the tube of the lamp. Holes are also cut round the sides for the purpose of ventilation. The lamp-stage can be so arranged that it can be removed altogether, and the hydro-oxygen light used when required. The efficiency of the lantern depends in the greatest degree upon the quality, position, and suitability of the lenses employed. If they are not of the proper description and focus, and placed at the right distance fiom the light and from each other, no satisfactory result will be obtained. The use of the largest lens is to concentrate or condense the rays of light from its source upon the focussing lenses, and, by thus bringing them into proper relations, increasing the brilliancy of the picture thrown on the screen. This lens is called the condenser. The glass used for the condensers should be of the very best quality, free from specks, bubbles, and striae, especially when a strong light is used, as every imper fection is then shown and enormously exaggerated. A plano convex or a meniscus lens may be used of about five inches focus, but the compound condenser, consisting of two lenses so curved as to give a brighter and flatter field, is far pre ferable, although more costly. The front or focussing may be either a quarter-plate portrait lens or a plano-convex lens of about four inches focus; or, still better, a pair of them, having the same equivalent focus. The best form of lamp is the cup lamp, on the Argand principle ; and the best oil. pure sperm, with gum camphor added as before advised. The best Florence oil is also very good for the purpose, adding the camphor as before. Let me here seriously caution my readers not to use any explosive or mineral oil in paraffine or other lamps inside the lantern, as, from the great heat engendered, there is imminent danger of explosion. Common coal gas is all but useless, as it affords much less light than a good oil lamp. 114, High Street, Ilfracombe, Devon.
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