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The photographic news
- Bandzählung
- 27.1883
- Erscheinungsdatum
- 1883
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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Zeitschrift
The photographic news
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Band
Band 27.1883
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- Titelblatt Titelblatt I
- Register Index III
- Ausgabe No. 1270, January 5, 1883 1
- Ausgabe No. 1271, January 12, 1883 17
- Ausgabe No. 1272, January 19, 1883 33
- Ausgabe No. 1273, January 26, 1883 49
- Ausgabe No. 1274, February 2, 1883 65
- Ausgabe No. 1275, February 9, 1883 81
- Ausgabe No. 1276, February 16, 1883 97
- Ausgabe No. 1277, February 23, 1883 113
- Ausgabe No. 1278, March 2, 1883 129
- Ausgabe No. 1279, March 9, 1883 145
- Ausgabe No. 1280, March 16, 1883 161
- Ausgabe No. 1281, March 22, 1883 177
- Ausgabe No. 1282, March 30, 1883 193
- Ausgabe No. 1283, April 6, 1883 209
- Ausgabe No. 1284, April 13, 1883 225
- Ausgabe No. 1285, April 20, 1883 241
- Ausgabe No. 1286, April 27, 1883 257
- Ausgabe No. 1287, May 4, 1883 273
- Ausgabe No. 1288, May 11, 1883 289
- Ausgabe No. 1289, May 18, 1883 305
- Ausgabe No. 1290, May 25, 1883 321
- Ausgabe No. 1291, June 1, 1883 337
- Ausgabe No. 1292, June 8, 1883 353
- Ausgabe No. 1293, June 15, 1883 369
- Ausgabe No. 1294, June 22, 1883 385
- Ausgabe No. 1295, June 29, 1883 401
- Ausgabe No. 1296, July 6, 1883 417
- Ausgabe No. 1297, July 13, 1883 433
- Ausgabe No. 1298, July 20, 1883 449
- Ausgabe No. 1299, July 27, 1883 465
- Ausgabe No. 1300, August 3, 1883 481
- Ausgabe No. 1301, August 10, 1883 497
- Ausgabe No. 1302, August 17, 1883 513
- Ausgabe No. 1303, August 24, 1883 529
- Ausgabe No. 1304, August 31, 1883 545
- Ausgabe No. 1305, September 7, 1883 561
- Ausgabe No. 1306, September 14, 1883 577
- Ausgabe No. 1307, September 21, 1883 593
- Ausgabe No. 1308, September 28, 1883 609
- Ausgabe No. 1309, October 5, 1883 625
- Ausgabe No. 1310, October 12, 1883 641
- Ausgabe No. 1311, October 19, 1883 657
- Ausgabe No. 1312, October 26, 1883 673
- Ausgabe No. 1313, November 2, 1883 689
- Ausgabe No. 1314, November 9, 1883 705
- Ausgabe No. 1315, November 16, 1883 721
- Ausgabe No. 1316, November 23, 1883 737
- Ausgabe No. 1317, November 30, 1883 753
- Ausgabe No. 1318, December 7, 1883 769
- Ausgabe No. 1319, December 14, 1883 785
- Ausgabe No. 1320, December 21, 1883 801
- Ausgabe No. 1321, December 28, 1883 817
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Band 27.1883
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September 28, 1883.] THE PHOTOGRAPHIC NEWS. 613 regarding electric fishes, the lecturer said that all of these electrical changes were really expressions of the vital changes occurring in living tissues under the action of stimuli. It was no part of the functions of nerves, muscles, or af the retina of the eye to produce currents under the action of their relative stimuli, but such currents indicated chemical changes in the organs or tissues ; for example, the contraction of a muscle is a movement following or consequent upon many chemical changes, among the results of which were the production of heat and differences of electrical potential. Thus there was no special production of electricity, except in the case of electrical fishes, and possibly of some other animals. In most animals, including man, the production of currents was an incidental phenomenon, indicating chemical operations and nothing more. Besides, the currents so produced were feeble and evanescent, and bore no relation to the general well-being. Consequently all attempts to influence the living body by magnets had no rational basis. The lecturer had tested this question by powerful electro-magnets, and had not been able to detect that they had the slightest influence on any vital phe nomena. Papers on the standard of white light and on the relation between temperature and radiation were read by Dr. Schuster, for Captain Abney, and Sir W. Siemens respectively. Captain Abney suggests as a high temperature standard an incandescent lamp. The light of this is compared by means of the spectro-photometer, with that from Professor Vernon Harcourt’s standard lamp, after wards described. The green light in the neighbourhood of E should be about one and a-half times that of the gas standard, while the red light should be the same in the two. In a recent paper Captain Abney criticised some of Sir W. Siemen's experi ments of a similar nature. Sir William had used platinum wire in air instead of carbon in a vacuum, and the paper read was a reply. In the discussion Dr. Schuster pointed out that a similar method, free from many of the difficulties under consideration, had been suggested by the late Professor Clark Maxwell, and apparatus for making the experiments was constructed by him shortly before his death. Professor Vernon Harcourt gave a description of a lamp for producing a standard light. It was arranged for burning air and the vapour of petroleum, mixed in the proportion of three cubic inches of vapour at a temperature of 60° Fahrenheit, to one cubic foot ot air. The mixed gas is allowed to escape from a hole of a quarter of an inch in diameter, and burn in a flame 24 inches high. Professor Harcourt showed that the height of the flame was an index of the proportion in which the gases mixed, and was constant when the mixture remained constant. Professor S. P. Thompson spoke on the importance of having a standard of white light. Professor Stokes read an important paper by Dr. Huggins on coronal photography without an eclipse. In a paper read before the Royal Society some time back, Dr. Huggins had shown that it was possible by isolating, by means of properly chosen absorbing media, the light of the sun in the violet part of the spectrum, to obtain photographs of the sun surrounded by an appearance dis tinctly coronal in its nature. These researches have been con tinued, using a reflecting telescope, by the late Mr. Lassells, and a film of silver chloride as the sensitive plate, on which the photo graph is taken. These plates are sensitive to the violet light only, and therefore it was unnecessary to use absorbing media which had proved a source of difficulty to sift the light. Fifty photographs in all were taken and examined afterwards by Mr. Wesley, who made drawings of them for the paper. The details shown agree well with the photographs of the corona made during the late solar eclipse, the agreement being specially marked in two cases, dated April 3rd, and Juno 5th. The photographs have been seen by the observers sent to Caroline Island to observe the eclipse, and one of these writes that Dr. Huggins’ coronas are certainly genuine up to 8' from the sun’s limb. Dr. Ball, who was in the chair, examined some of the plates, and spoke of the interest and importance of this communi cation. Professor Schuster gave a short abstract of an important paper on the internal constitution of the sun. He had calculated mathematically the volume of the sun from its mass, assuming that it consisted of a gas, subject to the gaseous laws, and in tho state of couvectional equilibrium discussed by Sir William Thom son. The paper showed that if tho rates of the specific heats of the gas were less than 1-2, the volume of the sun would be im mensely larger than at present; while if greater than 2’0, the sun’s volume would be far smaller than it is. The result, that the rates of the specific heats must lie between 1-2 and 2'0, is so far in agreement with received theories of the constitution of the sun. At the conclusion of the business proceedings, some of the most important members, by invitation, wore photographed by Mr. Silas Eastham, of Lord Street. The next meeting is to be held at Montreal, commencing on the 27th of August. PHOTOGRAPHIC COPYRIGHT. Mr. W. S. Bird thus writes on the subject of photo graphic copyright in Autotype Notes:— Copyright law is not an easy subject; and probably no lawyer, unless his practice was in that direction, would without consideration and a search for the interpretations given by the judges to various clauses, furnish an opinion upon a question submitted. Previous to inditing this article, the writer fortified himself by conferences with solicitors and opinions of a “ counsel ” noted in copyright cases. The existing Act dates from July 29th, 1862, and is known as Victoria 25 and 26, Cap. 68. It is entitled, “An Act for amending the law relating to Copyright in Works of the Fine Arts, and for repressing the commission of fraud in the pro duction and sale of such works.” Previous to this Act the authors of paintings, drawings, and photographs had no copyright in their works. It was, indeed, the growing power of photographic art as a factor in the cheap multiplication of copies of art work that rendered protection necessary to the painter, and led to steps being taken to secure legal rights to all the parties concerned. The Act was prepared by a Committee of the Society of Arts ; the views of painters, photographers, publishers, and persons interested, were collected and investigated, and although the Act is obscure and intricate enough, it has at least the merit of establishing for the first time copyright property in the work of painter and photographer. Its shortcomings are largely due to the fact that when the Act was framed, photography had not developed large commercial firms employing many skilled assistants, but was rather an affair of individual professors of the art. Throughout the Act under consideration paintings, drawings, and photographs are classed together and share the same treat ment ; so for convenience sake we may omit mention of anything but the photograph, although to comprehend the meaning of certain conditions the reader must sometimes think more of the painter’s productions than of his own. Copyright in the words of the Act consists in “ the sole and exclusive right of copying, engraving, reproducing, and multiplying a photograph and the negative thereof by any means and of any size,” and it accrues to the author of every original negative for his life and for seven years after, upon certain con ditions, of which the most important is registering the work at Stationers’ Hall. This is plain sailing so far; but difficulties arise. The very first clause of this Act, after conferring copyright in the manner stated above, continues with a “ provided that when the negative of any photograph shall be made to order for a valuable consideration,” the copyright in the Baid negative shall not belong to its author or producer unless it be specially reserved to him by agreement in writing, made at or before the time of sale or disposition, but that it shall belong to the person who commissions and pays for the work. Now this seems excellent sense, and not unfair. A man, for example, purchases a painting, and in so doing acquires copy right in the same, unless he agrees in writing to give the artist the copyright. But, unfortunately, the first clause of the Act runs its unwieldy length without an interposing period, and here reaches its second semicolon ; at that pause the vendee (or purchaser) is to possess the copyright: but the clause continues and concludes, “ nor shall the vendee be entitled to any such copyright unless at or before the time of such sale or disposition an agreement in writing signed by the person so selling shall have been made to that effect.” Those best qualified to judge consider that the semicolon referred to should have the force of a full-stop: that it terminates the definition of rights as between the person who commissions the work and the artist who executes it, and that the last sentence of this intricate clause defines the status of the buyer who does not commission and the artist who sells. In the first ease, if ne agreemomb is made, the cnamissioa
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