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The photographic news
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- 27.1883
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- 1883
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- Bandzählung
- No. 1304, August 31, 1883
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Band 27.1883
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- Titelblatt Titelblatt I
- Register Index III
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Band 27.1883
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August 31, 1883. | 557 through a die, perforated with holes varying in diameter from A to } inch. The wick passes and repasses, till sufficiently thick. The large sizes are cut into tapers for Christmas trees, the thin wicks into lengths of about 8-12 inches, and are made up into bundles of assorted colours. To “feather ” the ends, to facilitate lighting, they are dipped into hot water, and “ flipped " over the arm, the melted wax flying off, and the ends dispersing. Considering the expense of the raw material, also the skilful labour and time required for its manufacture, it is not surprising that wax candles should be dear, and highly prized. They have long been the currency for paying spiritual debts, and many tons of candles are devoted to this purpose. For carriage lamps, where a hard substance is required to resist the upward pressing spring, wax “ moons ” were long the only ones adopted, till ozokerit literally “ took the shine ” out of wax in light and hard ness. Many quaint and obsolete customs were connected with the candle, as “ selling by candle,” when the bid was knocked down after a certain length had burnt; “ excommunication by candle ”— " The priest called for candle, for bell, and for book,” where the grace and time for penitence were adjudged by the same measure. The introduction of cheaper substitutes has enabled many to reconcile piety and economy. Vegetable waxes are as taintless as bees-wax, and being some of them harder, last longer. Of these the name is legion, and we can only consider the most important; but first, we must devote some little time to the beautiful rival of bees-wax, spermaceti, itself a true wax. Spermaceti (Tf r allrath t Germ. ; Hane de bdlaine,Fr.) is written in old works spermaceti, testifying to the belief then current that it was the spawn of the whale. The history of the rise of this industry is fraught with interest. Till nearly 1700, men’s ideas concerning the nature of the substance were very vague. Sir Thomas Browne excuses his ignorance on the plea that " the learned Hoffmann says, " nescio quid sit." In 1686, doubts were set at rest by the finding of a dead whale on the coast of Norfolk, from which umnistakeable spermaceti was taken. When this solid came to be employed in candle manufacture, for which it is so eminently adapted, 1 do not know. It seems for a long time to have been employed in pharmacy alone. Thomas Browne, for instance, lauds it as a “ground for compound oyls and balsams,” and another old savant prescribes it in all cases “where acrimonious humours are to be obtunded ; ” and so in many others. It is still very largely blended m unguents, as I need not remind you; but, of course, now its chief use is for candles. The black or Greenland whale fishery was carried on long before the haunts of the sperm or cachelot-whale had been dis covered. The earliest mention made of the latter is by one Mr. Norwood (1667), who, talking of the Bermudas black whale fishery, “has heard from credible persons of another whale having great teeth—from which they got, as it lay dead on the beach, a quantity of spermaceti; ” and Mr. Stafford, several years after, speaks of the difficulty and danger of catching the sperm whale, “such as its fierceness and swiftness.” But the matter was not allowed to drop there. America took to the chase so kindly that, between 1775 and 1779, she sent out nearly 500 ships to both North and South Atlantic Oceans, which brought in over 30,000 tons of oil. Mr. Burke remarked witheringly on the sloth of the English in this matter, as com pared with the activity of their cousins. “ No sea, but is vexed with their toils.” This appears to have taken effect, for, in 1776, the Government offered a large bounty to the largest cargo of sperm oil brought home under certain specified conditions. From this time forward the cachalot whale must have been surprise! to find himself the recipient of such marked attentions. In the year 1786, above 326 tons of pure sperm oil were introduced into England. The bounty was increased, and almost immediately afterwards the great step was taken of doubling Cape Horn, hitherto unaccomplished feat, and carrying the war into the Pacific, the real home cf the sperm whale. The captures now' doubled and quadrupled. In 1819, Mr. Enderby, who had already received two bounties for two ships which had made voyages of most unprecedented good fortune, fitted out the Syren. This vessel chose the new hunting grounds of the Japan sea, and with such judgment that, after two years’ absence, she returned with the enormous cargo of 346 tous of sperm oil. The trade being now fairly started, the Government discontinued the bounty. But the impetus given received no check—the gain of sale was sufficient inducement; and the cargoes increased in number and tonnage, till 1831, when 7,065 tons came into British ports, It is difficult for even a fertile imagination to overpaint the advantage which accrued to trade, science, and navigation, through the enthusiastic following up of this exciting fishery. Wo shall find a parallel, perhaps, in the palm oil trade, though of a different scope. When one considers the vast extent of water over which these leviathans roam at will, and the remote fast nesses to which they fly from their pursuer, also the enormous yield got from their carcases without other expenditure than the fire to “ dry down,” and the barrels to hold the oil, it needs no dilating to show how universal benefit must result. The details of the fishery are known to everyone. Not quite so well, perhaps, the difference between the three whales—the “right,” the “sperm,” and the “bottlenose.” There are, of course, innumerable species of this order of mammalia, ranging from the seal to the porpoise, all of which yield oil; but we can only give the most cursory consideration to the above-named three. The Greenland, or “ right ” whale (Balcena grainlandicus'), also known as the “ blackwhale,” yields whale-oil, which, in many ways, differs from sperm oil. This bana inhabits northern lattitudes chiefly, but is found astray in many southern regions, He is toothless ; his mouth is furnished with whalebone, and his head is rounded, the skull being of an entirely different form to that of the cachalot. His fat is also more readily saponified, and deposits little solid on cooling; the lighting and lubricating pro perties also are far inferior. The cachalot, or sperm whale (physter macrocephalus), so called from its enormous head—nearly 14 feet high by 25 feet long—-is a denizen of the south. His skull is long, depressed, and pointed. The great bulk of the head consists of a dense cellular tissue, infiltrated with spermaceti. This is called the junck, and is surmounted by the case, which holds nearly a ton of very fine oil and sperm. This is termed the head matter, and it is still asserted, in most books on the sub ject, that this is the only source of spermaceti. The error-for such it is—has arisen from the fact of the head matter being full of the sperm crystals when taken from the head ; while the body oil does not deposit till after melting and cooling out. The blubber surrounds the whole hody in a layer of about 18 inches thick. It is a fine fat, much resembling the fat of hot roast beef, and is hardly solid at ordinary temperatures. This is stripped off the whale, and packed into barrels, unless “tried down ” on board ship. Trying down means simply melting, to clear down the fibre and skin from the oil. This soon deposits thick scales of sperm, and arrives at the factories in a semi-solid condition ; in winter the barrels have to be steamed, to extract the contents. The mass then undergoes several filtrations and pressings. At first it is run into long bags of hair or canvas, and allowed to filter simply by its own weight ; any pressure at that stage tending to force the only semi-solid sperm through the fibres This process is called “ bagging.” When as much oil has filtered out as possible, the flaky mass is transferred from the long bags to square ones, which, placed between boards in layers, are subjected to pressure by superposed weights, gradually increasing till a certain limit. Hydraulic pressure is then applied, in the cold at first, afterwards with the aid of heat, the sperm having been melted and cast into moulds once or twice during the different pressings. Finally, the almost white wax is warmed and agitated with a little caustic potash, which removes the last traces of colour, and then is cast into blocks. Thus purified, spermaceti is an almost blue-white glistening semi-crystalline substance, melting at US' 1 F. Messrs. Bicknells, the well-known sperm finers, who kindly placed their factory at my disposal for the above informa tion, have prepared this block of sperm for exhibiting the crystals. The interior has been run out while warm, leaving the splendidly serrated interior displayed. They are not true crystals—as far as I know, no distinct form has been isolated—but are, nevertheless, highly structural and characteristic. It is my belief that palmi tate of cetyl itself would be crystalline, but that the inseparable constituents prevent this. The constitution of sperm has received a good deal of attention, though, like all the fats, very difficult to ascertain exactly. It — CHI mainly consists, as I said, of cetyl palmitatec,gH20 } O' which, on distillation, yields a peculiar substance, called ethal (cetyl alcohol, CH,OH) the alcohol of cetene C,6Ha2- On long boil ing with potash, sperm, like other waxes, forms a quasi-soap, but yields no glycerine, cetyl being liberated instead. Owing to the pure candition to which it can be brought, and the uniformity of its constitution, sperm makes the finest candles we have for regularity of flame. Having large wicks, to allow of quicker consumption of the easily melting wax, the flame of a sperm candle of ordinary size is greater than those of others. For
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