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512 IHE PHOTOGRAPHIC NEWS. [August 1®, 1883. class—1st. £3 and a silver medal, George F. Davies ; 2nd. £3 and a bronze medal, William Coles; 3rd. £2 and a bronze me lai, Thomas H. Norris ; 4th. £1 and a bronze medal, Alfred Dando; 5th. Bronze medal, Benjamin F. Winks. Honours Grade—£5 and a silver medal were awarded to Ernest Howard Farmer ; and two candidates passed in the second-class. The Copyright Decision.—The master-photographer who sends a man to the Oval to execute a photograph is no more an author than the publisher who employs a literary man to write a book for him, and this is made doubly clear by the Act itself, which carefully separates the author from the proprietor. It is hardly necessary to follow the hazardous attempt of the Master of the Rolls to define an author; it is sufficient for the day that the author of a photograph is the man who executes it, and not he who supplies materials and employs another person to do the work.—Daily Chronicle. International Exhibition of the Graphic Ari s.— TheInter- national and Special Exhibition of Graphic Arts wi J be opened in Vienna, on the premises of the Association of Artists, on Sep tember 15, and will remain open until October 31. The object of the Exhibition is to give a complete insight into the develop ment of graphic arts during the second-half of the 19th century in all countries of Europe, as well as in the United States. The Exhibition will comprise the graphic reproductions which have appeared since 1850, and will include engravings in copper in all styles, etchings, lithographs, engravings on wood, drawings and water-colours executed with a view to graphic reproductions. It will also show the influence photography and its different appli cations have exercised on the artistic reproductions of the graphic arts, and heliography and all illustrated works in which other processes of reproduction have been employed will be admitted. The sites for the collective exhibitions will be allotted by the Central Commission of the Exhibition, and the decoration of these sites will be undertaken by the special commissioners who have charge of the general arrangements. All goods must be delivered before August 15. Sir F. Leighton, P.R.A., is the president of the English commission; Mr. F. S. Haden, president of the Society of Painter-Etchers, and Mr. S. Cousins, R.A., are vice-presidents; and among the members are Mr. L. Alma- Tadema, R.A., Mr. F. Holl, R.A., Mr. H. S. Marks, R.A., and Mr. Briton Riviere, R.A. Phototype Blocks for the Bookbinder.—One of the most pressing needs of the bookbinder is some simple way of making handsome book covers for cheap editions. A writer suggests making the design in black and white outline, and from that getting a photo-engraved relief plate. This is to be electrotyped and the shell filled with brass instead of type metal. He says that such book bookbinders’ electrotypes last about twelve times as long as others, and, besides being very much cheaper, there is no comparison between them and the cut stamp for oppor tunities so offered for freehand design.—Dorrinaton’s Press News. Photographic Club.—At the next meeting of this Club, August 15, the subject for consideration will be the adjourned discussion on “ Development of plates having received a mini mum exposure.’’ Also on " What is the cause of scum or striae on the surface of gelatine plates, and what is the best preventive of this effect ?" On the 22nd of August, the discussion will be on “ Copyright.” Visitors are invited to take part. o Co Gorxesgonbents. #,* We cannot undertake to return rejected communications. H. W. T.—If you had two such trays, and employed a lad to con stantly transfer the prints from one to the other, the washing would be much more thorough. As things are at present, we should think there must be a great tendency for the prints to rest together so compactly as to considerably hinder the removal of all traces of hypo. Danvers.—1. It is probable that you do not sufficiently expose in the printing-frame. There is no necessity to tone in a yellow light; but a subdued light is generally to be preferred to the full light of day. C. W. Perrins.—It is most likely due to some peculiarity in the plates themselves; but your description only enables us to con jecture. D. Muirhead.—1. Good work may be done with an optical arrange ment such as you suggest; but straight lines at the edges of the field would be distorted. 2. A more elongated opening in the drop-shutter would bo better for general work. 3. They jvary considerably; but perhaps six or seven may be taken as an average. W. W. Washburn.—We referred to England, and do not know how the matter stands in the United States. A. Andrew.—1. An experienced photographer might obtain very good results, but we advise you to thoroughly master the easier phases of photography, in the first place. 2. There is but little to choose between the makers to whom you refer. 3. If you are able to devote the whole of the short time which is to elapse before you set out to photographic work—and you possess a natural apti tude for the work—you may perhaps attain sufficient skill to make it worth while to take a photographic outfit. A tour round the world is a severe ordeal both for a photographer and for his appa ratus. 4. Second-hand apparatus can often be bought advanta geously ; but in such a case as yours, no expense should be spared in order to secure the very best. R. Bleakwrough.—See Mr. Ashman’s article on page 141 of the Year-Book. J. C. C.—1. Write to Mr. Duncan C. Dallas, Crane Court, Fleet Street. 2. Most likely from deficient washing after treatment with the mercuric salt; but either circumstance mav cause it. 3. From insufficient washing after fixing, in all probability. Im mersion in a weak solution of cyanide of potassium (fiva or six grains to the ounce) is sometimes effectual. 4. If you get a sable brush of good quality, it will assist you much, as it can bo worked up into a fine point like the tip of a pen. G. F. W.—The principal object in having a considerable number is to reduce the working space occupied, so the simple flap becomes elaborated into an arrangement like a Venetian blind. We will send you what you require by post. Nitrate.—Add an equal bulk of alcohol to the saturated solution, when nearly the whole will be deposited as a granular precipitate. Alfred Dismond.—Hydrokinone can be had from Burgoyne and Co., of Coleman Street, at 3s. 9d. per ounce. The following formula, as recommended by Mr. Pocklington, answers very well. A.—Hydrokinone 12 grains Alcohol ... ... ... 12 drachms B.—Carbonate of soda (washingsoda) ... 1 part Water 9 parts Mix one drachm of A with one ounce of water, and add one ounce of B. Development is rather slow. L. R. T.—It is probable that the surface of the lens has become corroded or disintegrated, and it requires re-polishing. You had better send it to the maker. C. Martin.—Soak them in dilute nitric acid, and the incrustation will be dissolved off. Constant Reader.—1. One of the best forms of the instrument is that to which you refer ; but in your case it would bo well to have all the ironwork thickly plated with nickel. 2. Thin sheet gelatine can be obtained from dealers in such fancy papers as are used in making and decorating cardboard boxes. 3. Reduce the quantity of gelatine to three-fourths of that now used. Julius A. Kay.—It is photo-lithography, but no details have been published as to the method adopted for making the transfer. The so called " Autotype” is acollotypic process. Norman May.—We can only judge from the specimens we have seen, and what we have heard from others. Such direct questions as those you ask could only be answered by one who has actually seen every stage of the process performed under the circumstances implied in your letter. C. D. B.—The package must be open at the ends, and so packed that the contents may readily be removed for examination ; and, judging from your description, these conditions were not fulfilled in your case. In a few days, price 2s., per post, 2S. 3d, ABOUT PHOTOGRAPHY & PHOTOGRAPHERS. A Series of Essays for the Studio and Study. TO WHICH ARE ADDED CONTINENTAL RAMBLES WITH A CAMERA. BY H. BADEN PRITCHARD, F.C.S., Vice-President of the. Photographic Society of Great Britain; Author of the “ Photographic Studios of Europe ” ; and Editor of the “ Yearbook of PhotoyraphyP Gr ADVERTrSENIENTS should be addressed at once to Messrs. PIPER & CARTER, 5, Castle St., Holborn, E.C