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The photographic news
- Bandzählung
- 27.1883
- Erscheinungsdatum
- 1883
- Sprache
- Englisch
- Signatur
- F 135
- Vorlage
- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
- Digitalisat
- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
- Digitalisat
- SLUB Dresden
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- Public Domain Mark 1.0
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- urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-db-id1780948042-188300004
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- http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id1780948042-18830000
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- oai:de:slub-dresden:db:id-1780948042-18830000
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- Fotografie
- LDP: Historische Bestände der Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Bandzählung
- No. 1299, July 27, 1883
- Digitalisat
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Zeitschrift
The photographic news
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Band
Band 27.1883
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- Titelblatt Titelblatt I
- Register Index III
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Band
Band 27.1883
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- Titel
- The photographic news
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470 ITHE PHOTOGRAPHIC NEWS. [JVLY 27, 1883. the number of images formerly produced to be increased at least tenfold; thus, instead of ten photographs per second, one hundred may be taken. To do this it is not necessary to change the speed of rotation of the disk, but, instead of piercing it with one aperture, ten holes are made equally disposed around the circumference.* The figure here shown is from one of the negatives pro jected on the screen from the lantern. The dotted lines have been filled in to form direct lines. The figure shows the successive phases of one step in running. Only the left leg is represented ; the lines correspond to the thigh, leg, and foot; the dots to the joints at the ankle, knee, and hip. This diagram shows pretty clearly the alternations of flexion and extension of the leg on the thigh, the undulat ing trajectories of the foot, knee, and hip, and yet the number of images does not exceed sixty in a second. A revolving shutter pierced with more holes would give more perfectly the angular displacements of the leg on the thigh, and the positions of the three joints. The finer the dotted lines expressing the direction of the limbs, the more the images may be multiplied ; but, in the present case, sixty times in a second more than suffice to show the displacements of the limbs when running. In this photographic analysis the two factors of move ments—time and space—cannot be both estimated per fectly. Knowledge of the positions the body has occupied in space requires that one should possess complete and distinct images ; in order to obtain such images, a sufficiently long space of time must elapse between the two successive photographs. If, on the contrary, it is desirable to esti mate time more perfectly, the frequency of recurrence of the image must be greatly increased. To bring these two exigencies as closely together as possible, lines and points must be chosen for the partial photographs which best show the successive attitudes of the body. It is curious to see that this expression of successive attitudes of the trunk and limbs, by means of a series of lines expressing the direction of the bones, has been precisely adopted by the ancient authors as being the most explicit and capable of making the phases of a movement understood. Thus, Vincent and Goiffon, in their remarkable work on the horse, have tried to represent by lines at different angles the displacements of the bones of limbs while taking a step. It is not necessary to expatiate on the superiority photo graphy has over actual observation for this purpose, giving the true positions of the limbs, while the eye is incapable of taking in such rapid actions in such short spaces of time. At the commencement of this century the brothers Weber had recourse to the same mode of representation to explain the successive actions produced in the walk of a man. It was by reducing the walker to the figure of a skeleton that these eminent observers succeeded in pre senting, without confusion, a number of images expressing different attitudes. The method of constructing the bright metal bands which, in the photograph, explain the position of the joints, requires special mention. As the length of expo sure is very short, a substance having great brilliany must be employed. The strips of metal are not equally luminous down their entire length, because they do not * It is often desirable to make one of the apertures twice the diameter of the rest; it causes a greater intensity to be given to one image, and that facilitates the calculation of time, while it furnishes points for the Comparison of the morements of the lower limbs with those of the arms. reflect the solar rays at the same angle; they present lines of unequal intensity on the negatives. I have obtained the best results with small strips of black wood with nails having hemispherical bright metal heads driven in at regular intervals. Each little rounded surface reflected the image of the sun very brilliantly. In the photograph these lines of nails are reproduced as dotted lines. At the ankle, knee, and hip joints, nails of larger dimen sions were inserted, showing these centres of movement by a much larger dot. Partial photographs obtained by this method allow of the different acts of locomotion being analysed, as well as the movements of walking, running, or jumping. Zebiew. The Amateur’s First Hand-Book. A Complete Guide and Instructor in the Art of Modern Photo graphy. The Dry-Plate Process. Illustrated. By J. H. T. Ellerbeck. (D. H. Cussons and Co., Liverpool.) Taking into consideration the length of the title of this work, its actual size appears rather small, since it is all comprised within sixty-six pages. As “ a complete guide and instructor,” it has, no doubt, its shortcomings; but it is a handy book enough for the beginner, who will, no doubt, find it sufficient guide at the outset of his journey. It is a pity, as the book is for the beginner, that abbrevia tions such as “ pyro ” and “ hypo " should have been used, especially as there was plenty of room for printing the words in full, several pages appearing at the end with nothing at all on them. The best part of the little book is the chapter on the selection of apparatus. STELLAR PHOTOGRAPHY AT HARVARD. At the meeting of the Astronomical Society which was held on June 8th last, Prof. Pickering, of Harvard College Observatory, so well known for his stellar observations, and who is a Foreign Associate of the Society, attended and gave an interesting account of the work which has been done during the past few years at his observatory. Some few years ago Prof. Pickering took up the work of determining the intensity of the light of the principal stars by eye-observation, without taking the question of colour into con sideration, work which has been already dwelt upon in this journal. For this purpose he used a photometer, completing his observations, which number some 90,000, about a year ago, and a large part of his results are already in print. The published results of the more important investigators of star magnitudes, from the time of Almagest and Lufi, have also been reduced. Sir W. Herschel’s observations, which appeared almost a century ago in the Philosophical Transactions, have likewise been taken in hand at Harvard Observatory, and com pletely discussed. Sir John Herschel’s works, the “ Uranometria Nova,” the “ Durchmusterung," as well as many other works in the same field, have also been made use of in preparing the Harvard Catalogue, which therefore shows those cases in which the photometric observations carried out by Prof. Pickering differ from the results obtained by other observers, when their observations are reduced to the same system. These eye-obser vations of stars having been completed, Prof. Pickering, in con junction with his brother, Mr. W. H. Pickering, has taken up stellar photography from the same point of view. By this means a comparison is obtained between the brightness of the star as seen by the eye, and its brightness as determined by its greater or less action upon the photographic plate ; and by a comparison of photographs taken on different nights, any variation in bright ness may be detected ; whilst the exact positions of stars may of course be more accurately and permanently recorded than uy eye-observations. Mi. A. A. Common recently, by taxing photographs of the nebula in Orion on different nights, andsooni paring them, has thus been able to detect a probable varation P one of the stars in the nebula ; and in 1858, Professor GeorEwas Bond, by measuring the diameters of stars in photograpus, "
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