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The photographic news
- Bandzählung
- 27.1883
- Erscheinungsdatum
- 1883
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- Englisch
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- F 135
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id1780948042-18830000
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- Bandzählung
- No. 1296, July 6, 1883
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Zeitschrift
The photographic news
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Band
Band 27.1883
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- Titelblatt Titelblatt I
- Register Index III
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Band
Band 27.1883
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- Titel
- The photographic news
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THE PHOTOGRAPHIC NEWS. [JVLY 6, 1883. A collodio-bromide, or even a collodio-chloride, plate exposed in the camera, will develop clean and rapidly without any re strainer. This property of developing a chloride is very sur prising, and will probably be very important. I have tried a collodion containing all chloride, with no trace of iodide or bro mide or of free silver, and in the camera it is nearly, if not quite, as rapid as a bromide when developed with hydrokinone and an alkali; whilst I think it has the advantage in roundness and vigour. One grain to the ounce is strong enough for most purposes. With some samples of hard gelatine it is advisable to use two; but with most kinds and with collodion, one grain is quite sufficient. I prefer using it with a saturated solution of washing soda as an alkali. Two or three drops of this to the ounce of solution of hydrokinone rapidly develops the image, and the addition of a few drops more to complete development is all that is needed. A soluble bromide acts very powerfully as a retarder and restrainer. With a mere trace added, develop ment is very much slower. Although its cost per ounce is greater than pyro, an ounce of it will go as far as two of pyro, so the difference is not so much as it appears. No doubt, if a demand sprung up for it, the price would also be reduced considerably. Many of you, I daresay, can remember the time when pyro was seven shillings and six pence per ounce, and hypo two shillings per pound ; but greater consumption, and consequent demand for them, soon brought these prices down. The same will doubtless take place when the value of hydrokinone becomes recognized. I must not omit to mention, before concluding, another useful property of this developer—that is, its suitability for developing on paper either a bromide or a chloride film, whether it be pro duced by an emulsion, or by the older method of first brushing over the paper the haloid, and afterwards the silver. The clear - nesss with which it works renders it very suitable for this pur pose, and for enlargement or printing enables pictures to be obtained with very short exposures. PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHY AND PHOTO ZINCOGRAPHY. BY MAJOR J. WATERHOUSE, B.S.C., Assistant Surveyor-General of India. Chapter XI.—Transferring, Proving, and Printing. Having now some acquaintance with the principles and requirements of lithographic printing, we may proceed to the practical operations of “ transferring ” or putting down our photo-transler print on stone or zinc, proving, and printing it. Transferring to Stone or Zinc.—Before transferring, the photo-transfer prints must be slightly damped, in order to soften the gelatine underlying the inked lines and facilitate the adhesion of the ink to the dry stone or zinc, and its complete separation from the paper. The first requirement, therefore, is a “ damping book ” made of about twenty sheets of thick plate paper, rather larger than the largest size of transfer. The damping is effected by wetting every alternate sheet with a sponge, and laying the wet and dry sheets in a pile under pressure till all are uniformly damped, and the moisture evenly distributed throughout the whole. It is recommended to add a little carbolic acid to the water used for damping, in order to prevent mildew. The damping book should be kept between two zinc plates or flat wooden boards, to reduce evaporation, and if at the end of a day’s work a wet sponge be passed here and there between the leaves, it will be ready for use next day. The method of transferring is exactly the same for stone or zinc. The photo-transfer prints being trimmed and, if necessary, joined, as described in Chap. VII., are laid in the damping book and allowed to remain a short time, during which the stone or zinc plate, previously slightly warmed, is placed on the press and wiped with a clean dry cloth, kept specially for the purpose, to remove any remains of graining-sand or dust. Two or three sheets of clean thin proof paper and the backing are laid over it, and it is passed through the press once or twice till the pressure is properly regulated. When working with stone, it is important to have a level stone, and a level close-fitting scraper; less pressure is required to make a transfer, the effect is more uniform, and there is less danger of the lines spreading. The levelling of the stone is tested by adjusting the scraper to give a light pressure at one end ; it is then tried in the middle and at the other end, and if the pressure is found to be fairly equal all over, nothing more is required. If a deficiency is found at either end, slips of paper, torn so as to form a feather edge, are carefully packed under the end of the stone till the pressure is equalised. The scraper edge should feel the stone all along, and if it does not do so, should be rubbed with a piece of glass- paper or a fine file. Before laying down a transfer, the position it is to occupy should be marked on the stone or zinc with a pencil. This is particularly necessary if several transfers have to be laid together and printed on a single sheet, either to be folded into consecutive pages, or be cut up afterwards into sepa rate sheets. The positions may be readily found by taking a sheet of paper of the required size, and carefully folding it into 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, or as the case may be ; and if it is desired to print on both sides of the paper, the pages may be numbered consecutively. On opening out the sheet, the proper arrangement of the pages for both sides of the paper will be seen at once. The appropriate transfer print for each page is then fastened in its place on the marked sheet, and the whole transferred at once. For work on both sides of the paper, two sheets will of course be required, one for each side. When the transfer is sufficiently damp (it should only be just limp), it is removed from the damping book, and laid gently in its place on the stone or zinc, which should be just milk-waim. A sheet of clean damp paper is laid over it, and over that a sheet or two of dry paper, covered by the backing sheets, or, preferably, a piece of fine printer’s blanketing. The tympan is lowered, and the transfer is then passed through the press once, which, if the photo transfer print is fresh, should be sufficient. The tympan is raised, the backing sheets or blanketing removed, and the effect is examined by lifting one corner of the print, now adhering firmly to the stone or plate. If all the ink has not left the paper, the plate or stone is turned round end for end, and passed through the press again, the back of the paper being moistened with a sponge, and, if thought necessary, the pressure may be slightly increased. Trans fer prints that have been kept several days may require to be passed through the press several times, changing the position of the stone, and backing and damping the back of the transfer print each time. When the transfer is considered complete, the back of the transfer print is washed over with a sponge and water, and as soon as the paper appears loosened, it is gently stripped off. If the operation has been properly performed, there should be scarcely any trace of ink left on the paper, and the image should appear clean, sharp, and distinct on the stone or zinc. The plate or stone is now washed with water and a soft sponge to thoroughly remove all traces of paper and gelatine, and is fanned dry. If the paper is very adherent to the stone, it may be advisable to use warm water to help its removal, and also to dissolve any traces of soluble gelatine that may be left. Photo-transfer prints on hardened gelatine transferred to zinc sometimes resist all attempts to remove the paper by hot water, and require washing over with dilute nitric acid. Any slight touching-up of defective lines or parts that may be necessary is better done at this stage, though it may be deferred till after a proof is taken, especially if further corrections and additions are likely to be required. The various methods of making corrections will be described hereafter.
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