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The photographic news
- Bandzählung
- 27.1883
- Erscheinungsdatum
- 1883
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- Englisch
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- F 135
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id1780948042-18830000
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- oai:de:slub-dresden:db:id-1780948042-18830000
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- Bandzählung
- No. 1292, June 8, 1883
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Zeitschrift
The photographic news
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- Titelblatt Titelblatt I
- Register Index III
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1883 April 3 April 3 March 9 March 9 March 9 us oxalate greatly in- I allows of a | A great improvement has been made in the photographic registration by the substitution in June last of Morgan and Kidd’s argentic-gelatino-bromide paper with ferrous oxalate development for the old photographic process. The ( creased sensitiveness of the now photographic paper great reduction in the effective surface of the concave mirrors carried by the magnets and in the size of the gas flames. Much greater sharpness in the photographic trace is thus secured, and there is no trouble from discoloration. The saving in gas and in Computer's time in preparing and developing sheets probably makes up for the increased cost of the paper, which is rather expensive. The number of hours of bright sunshine recorded by Campbell’s sunshine instrument during 1882 was 1,245, which is more than 40 hours above the average of the five preceding years. The rainfall in 1882 was 25’2 inches, being very slightly above the average. moulded while wet to fit the tapering shape of the wooden projections. These handles save the hands from the friction of the wood, and facilitate the working of the roller, the tightness or looseness of the grip being modified according to the amount of pressure required. Before a leather roller can be used, it must undergo a somewhat lengthy preparation, in order that the leather may be saturated with some non-drying fatty substance, so as to prevent too great an absorption of the quick-drying varnish contained in the printing ink, which would soon make the roller hard and useless. It also prevents the satu ration of the leather with moisture taken up from the stone. The roller, being warmed before a fire till quite dry, is rubbed while warm with tallow or lard ; then rolled in middle or strong litho varnish, and left till next day, when the varnish is scraped off with a blunt table knife, taking care not to injure the leather, and then well rolled up again, in the varnish. This operation is repeated every day or two for a week, when, if the leather is pretty well saturated and soft, it may be rolled up in printing ink in the same way, and at the end of about ten days or a fortnight will be fit for use on common strong open line work. By use, All the photographs received from the Solar Physics Com mittee have been measured in duplicate, and the measures have been completely reduced so as to exhibit heliographic longitudes and latitudes of spots, and areas of spots and facul, from 1881 December 22, to 1882 October 19, the end of the series of four- inch photographs. Magnetical Observations.—The course of observation continues the same as in former years, changes in the magnetic declination, horizontal force, and vertical force being continuously recorded by photography with the three magnetometers, whilst absolute values of magnetic declination, dip, and horizontal force are found by eye observation. Earth-currents in two dirictions nearly at right angles to each other are also photographically registered. The photographs have been measured in duplicate, and the measures entered to Radii of the sun, corrections for zero of position-circle, and heliographic ele- menss, have been computed to Distances from the sun’s centre and posi tion-angles of spots and faculae, cor rected for distortion and refraction, have been formed to ... Heliographic longitudes and latitudes of spots have been computed to The areas of spots and facula have been completely reduced, so as to exhibit areas in millionths of the sun’s visible surface, to the quality of a roller improves up to a certain point, and an experienced lithographer will keep two or three rollers by him of different ages to suit different classes of PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHY AND PHOTO ZINCOGRAPHY. BY MAJOR J. WATERHOUSE, B.S.C., Assistant Surveyor-General of India. Chapter X.—Principles of Lithography, and Materials Required.—continued. Scraper. —These are made of boxwood (in France pear wood is preferred) and are from three to four inches wide, Z of an inch thick, and, as a rule, should be of about the same length as the width of the stone or plate they are used with. The lower part of the scraper is of a V-shape rounded off, and abont 2 of an inch wide at the bottom. Care should be taken that the scraper is not warped ; that there are no knots along or near the edge ; and that the latter is perfectly even all along, and not nicked or uneven in parts. It must be tested from time to time with a straightedge, and any inequalities removed with a fine file or glass paper. Rollers.— 1 The rollers used in lithography consist of a wooden cylinder or block between three or four inches in diameter, and eleven to fourteen inches in length, with a projecting tapering wooden handle at each end along the axis. The block is covered with one or two thicknesses of flannel, and outside that with what is called the skin, made of the best calf-skin leather, carefully sewn into a tube, which is tightly drawn over the flannel, and the ends drawn together with string. For ordinary black work a “ gain ” roller is used, with the rough or flesh side of the leather outward ; but for the colour work, a roller with the smooth side of the leather outwards is most suitable. In purchasing a roller, care must be taken to see that the skin is uniform in thickness, and of a fine close grain and firm texture all over, not soft and spongy. The projecting ends of the roller are provided with loose covers, called roller handles, made of stout leather cut and . As regards the determination of motions of stars in the line of sight, 142 measures have been made of the displacement of the F line in the spectra of 23 stars, and 2G measures of the b, line in 9 stars. The observations of Sirius during the past winter tend on the whole to confirm the impression that the rate of recession of this star has diminished progressively since 1877, and that the motion is now on the point of being converted into one of appi oach. The spectrum of comet a 1882 was examined on three nights, that of the great comet b 1882 on three nights, and that of comet a 1883 on one night. The spectrum of the first-named object showed the yellow sodium lines with great brilliancy just before perihelion passage. The spectrum of the aurora of 1882, November 17, was also examined. The spectroscopic observations of all kinds have been com pletely reduced to 1883, May 20. In the year ending 1883, May 20, photographs of the sun have been taken on 200 days, and of these 339 have been selected for preservation. There were 7 days on which the sun’s disk was observed to be free from spots. The number and size of spots and facula) continued to increase in a marked way till last November, when a group of spots of very unusual size appeared. Since that date, however, the sun has become more quiescent. Since the beginning of December, gelatine dry-plates have been used instead of the old wet-plate process. They are more convenient in use, and appear to give as good average results. The photographs on a scale of eight inches to the sun’s diameter recently obtained in India, under the auspices of the Solar Physics Committee, are so successful that the committee have recommended the general adoption of this scale, and I propose, as soon as we have a spare photoheliograph returned from the Eclipse Exhibition, to have it altered in the same manner as the Indian photoheliograph, so as to obtain eight-inch photographs of the sun instead of four-inch. It was suggested in the last Report that the measurement of such of the Indian and other photographs as were required to fill up gaps in the Greenwich series might with advantage be undertaken here. This proposal has now been carried out, and 111 photographs for the period from 1881, December 22, to 1882, October 19, have been received from the Solar Physics Com mittee, so that a record of the condition of the sun on 279 out of the 302 days in that interval is now presented. From 1882, October 20, eight-inch photographs were taken in India, and for the measurement of these, a special micrometer has been ordered of Messrs. Troughton and Simms by the Solar Physics Committee. As regards the photographic reductions:
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