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The photographic news
- Bandzählung
- 27.1883
- Erscheinungsdatum
- 1883
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- Englisch
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Bandzählung
- No. 1286, April 27, 1883
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The photographic news
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Band
Band 27.1883
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- Titelblatt Titelblatt I
- Register Index III
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Band
Band 27.1883
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- Titel
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and of a light colour should be selected. It is ground as already described, and any deep scratches taken out with pumice stone. It is then sprinkled over with fine yellow graining sand, sifted through a sieve having 100 or 120 holes to the inch, or finer, according to the grain required. A little water is added, and the surface is ground with a small piece of stone of the same description as the one to be grained, and having its edgesand corners well rounded off. This is moved in small circles regularly up and down all over the stone, adding water and sand from time to time as may be necessary. The extent to which the sand should be worn in finishing off requires some little experience ; if too fresh, the grain will be coarse and sharp, while if worn too much, the grain will be flat and dull. A well grained stone should have an even vellum-like texture all over, and be quite free from scratches. When the graining is considered sufficient, the stone is well washed in clean water with a sponge, so as to remove all traces of sand, the superfluous moisture is squeegeed off, and the stone left to dry. Care must be taken not to let dust and grit settle on it. The treatment of stones which have been used is the same as for new stones, the grinding having to be repeated for the reason before stated. In common writing work, when only a few impressions are required, it will be suffi cient to give a good rubbing with pumice, followed by snake stone. The stone is then well washed, dried, and is ready for another transfer. For fuller details on this subject, the reader may be referred to W. D. Richmond’s excellent “ Grammar of Lithography,” published by Wyman and Co., from which much of the above sketch has been taken. To be Continued. THE ECLIPSE EXPEDITION. BY C. BAY WOODS. Posted at Guayaquil, Saturday, March 17th, 1883. We are now rapidly making our way down the coast of Peru. Up to the present time, the Pacific Ocean has amply deserved its name, so far as our brief experience goes, and I am taking advantage of our smooth passage to resume my account of our journey, first proceeding to give you all the information I am able concerning the Eclipse parties themselves. f In attempting to convey matters to your readers with which we are not immediately concerned, a difficulty arises. Confined within the comparatively narrow limits of a steamer, and only planting our feet on terra firma for few and short intervals, the news that reaches us is of a sparse and doubtful quality. A few telegrams on political matters, occasionally an absurd canard, a few local items at the places we stop at—that is all. 'Travelling with all the speed we can, the latest home newspapers we see are those we brought out with us. As to questions bearing on the work we have in hand, the knowledge we pick up on the way is small, and so far as some expeditions are concerned, you probably already possess information which will not reach our ears till all parties find themselves at their destination. Lest your information, however, should not be in advance of ours, I can at least repeat what I have heard, craving the indulgence of your readers to over look those items which may be stale news, and to pardon any little inaccuracy that may creep in. When we reached Panama, we made enquiries for the Eclaireux, the French man-of-war that is to take out our French and Italian friends; but found it was not expected till the 25th, about the date we expect to leave Callao. It is to take out a party under M. Janssen, with Professor Tacchini, of Italy, and another Italian gentleman. M. Janssen will, doubtless, do some photographic work, on the nature of which I should scarcely like to make a statement; but if I might hazard a guess, I should think he would have a shot for intra-Mercurial planets, and endeavour, by taking a number of photographs of the corona, to ascertain if any change took place in the nature and form of the streamers during the five minutes or more at disposal. Prof. Tacchini will probably, as in Egypt, give atten tion to the red end of the spectrum, taking particular note of the red hydrogen protuberances. We have also heard, but do not know how far the news is correct, that two Austrian observers are going out also, but have not heard their names. It is also said that Mr. Ranyard will accompany the French party—at least, he stated his inten tion to do so a few months back. On this point, at least, your information will be more reliable than ours. It is greatly to be regretted that we do not seem likely to meet Messieurs Thollon and Trepied, the French astronomers, who did such able work during the last eclipse. As some of your readers may remember, in addition to fixing definitely the position of a very important coronal line, they found evidence indicating an atmosphere to the moon. Recollecting that at the time of an eclipse the sun would have been shining for some time on that portion of the moon turned from us, that the heat of that surface would give opportunity for the vaporization of a small por tion of the moon atmosphere that had condensed—if indeed, as is likely, it ever possessed any—a very good opportunity is presented to detect it by the spectroscopic method. Eye observations are probably the best means of detecting it, and it will be a great pity if this subject is overlooked, as it bids fair to be. As to the work of the American party, I can give you more precise information, we being at present in their com- pany, and they having kindly furnished me with a general outline of their programme. Their party consists of six, and, without endangering the quality of their work by en deavouring to cover too much ground, or by undesirable complication, they have arranged that each member shall have as much to do as he can safely do thoroughly and well. The chief of their party is Professor E. S. Holden, the director of Washburn Observatory. He is thesuccessor of Professor Watson, and is naturally desirous—in fact, rightly considers it his duty—to follow up the work of his able pre decessor. Leverrier, the famous mathematician, discovered a disturbance in the orbit of Mercury, the nearest known planet to the sun, which could not be accounted for by the influence of other known bodies, and he put it down to some body circulating between Mercury and the sun. The disturbance of Mercury’s orbit has, since Leverrier’s time, been confirmed, and it is a matter of very great interest to discover the body or bodies influencing it. A young French astronomer—Lescarbault—claimed to have seen it, giving a rough estimate of what seemed to be its size and dis tance from the sun. Whether what he saw was really the body in question is extremely doubtful; assuming that such was not the case, it does not vitiate the probability of the existence of the body. During what is spoken of as the American Eclipse of 1878, a search was made for this planet—Vulcan, as it had been named—and Professor Wat son saw an object which he regarded as an intra-Mercurial planet. Immediately after his observations were made, they raised an animated discussion, and in spite the known ability of Professor Watson to grapple with the matter, the question still remains an open one. In a six-inch tele scope, magnifying forty-five times, and giving a field of one degree, or, as a photographer might express it, giving a field equal to that of a lens of one degree angular aper ture, he will sweep the heavens to a certain distance round the sun within the limits of which Vulcan might appear. For this purpose he has prepared a map of the stars in the neighbourhood of the sun of May 6th, of which a copy is before me while 1 write, and from it I see that there is one little group of stars very near the sun which ought to ap pear on the plates we propose to use for the outer corona, and which will thus serve for a photometer, giving us some idea of the brightness of the sun’s appendages. We our-
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