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The photographic news
- Bandzählung
- 27.1883
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- 1883
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Bandzählung
- No. 1279, March 9, 1883
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The photographic news
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Band 27.1883
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- Titelblatt Titelblatt I
- Register Index III
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Band 27.1883
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THE PHOTOGRAPHIC NEWS, Vol. XXVII. No. 1279.—March 9, 1883. CONTENTS. PAGE Single Lenses for Instantaneous and Portrait Work 145 Chloride and Bromide of Silver when Boiled in much Water 146 By-the-Bye.—Photographic Analysis 146 Notes on Photography. By E. Howard Farmer 147 Misnomers. By Captain Abney, R.E., 148 Ink Photographs. By T. W. Wilkinson 149 French Correspondence. By Leon Vidal 149 Commercial Success in Photography. By John Geddes 150 On Improvements and New Applications of the Platinotype Process. By Herbert B. Berkeley 151 I PAGE Notes 152 Patent Intelligence 154 Glass “Soaked” with Silver for Use with the Gelatine Pre cess. By Capt. W. de W. Abney 155 Within what Limits may the Pyrogallic Acid be Usefully Varied in a Developer ? By G. L. 156 Correspondence 156 Proceedings of Societies 157 Talk in the Studio 160 To Correspondents 160 SINGLE LENSES FOR INSTANTANEOUS AND PORTRAIT WORK. ArTER a long period of disfavour, the single achromatic lens 'would again appear to be about to have a time of popularity. Some years ago such an instrument was scarcely used, lenses of the symmetrical and rectilinear types being almost the only ones which photographers seemed to consider worthy of attention. Now, however, things are different. The exaggerated ideas concerning dis tortion which were ever present in the photographic mind, and which greatly arose from misapprehension in mis taking distortion produced by tipping of the camera for distortion produced by the lens, are being allayed, and we are beginning to understand that, except in a few exceptional cases, the true distortion which a single lens produces is quite unobservable. We are also awaking to the advantage in brilliancy of image to be gained from the use of a lens with only two reflecting surfaces. Probably the introduction of the “wide-angle landscape” lens has had much to do with the reviving popularity of the lens we are treating of; and doubtless this remarkable com bination has deserved the popularity which it has gained, even although, as we explained some time ago, the power given by it and other wide-angle lenses has led many photographers into mistakes by causing them to use at all times the wide-angles which were by these means at command. The wide-angle landscape lens is constructed to work with a considerably larger aperture than had been con sidered possible with former lenses, and with the intro duction of it and the rapid dry plates there came the possibility of instantaneous work with single lenses. Although the older single lenses were provided with but small apertures, yet it is wonderful with how large a stop those of the best make will work if we be satisfied with a limited angle of view. Moreover, it is worth while com paring, with regard to the size of plate covered sharply, the single lens with the lens of the “ rapid ” type. It will be found surprising how nearly the one comes up to the other. First, as regards maximum aperture. We find that the largest aperture in the rapid series ranges from 4 (rarely met with) to { and /r. Most of them appear to range about {,. We have tried several single lenses of good make to discover at what maximum aperture they will work. We have a Lerebour lens of 14 inch focus, which will stand {. An old lens of still longer focus, by A. Ross, we find will stand about the same. A wide-angle view lens will easily stand {z. It will be seen that here we have no very great advantage in the rapid lens. The rapidity varies as the square of the fraction representing the ratio of the aperture to the focal length. Taking to represent the rapid lens, and fz thejsingle, we have a difference of rapidity which is as nearly as possible repre sented by 3 to 2—nothing very great, as will be seen. Now as to the angle covered by these apertures. We have by us a lens of the rapid type manufactured by one of our best opticians, and certainly a splendid instrument. It is nominally of 16 inch focus, but is in reality 164 inches. Its largest aperture is a shade over {6, and with this aperture it defines up the corners of a plate 8} by 6} inches, or over a circle a little over 104 inches diameter—equal to about 3 the focal length of the lens. The single lenses we find will cover at the largest aperture at which we can work them a circle equal to just about the same ; possibly a shade less. We find that to cause our rapid lens to cover a plate 10 by 8, we have to stop down to A ; that is, to cause it to cover a circle of J its focal length. With this aperture the single lens covers only a circle slightly over 3 its focal length. To cause it to cover a circle 9 its focal length we have to use an aperture of I or /0, the differences in rapidity between the rapid and single lens being here, to cover the same angle again about 3 to 2. To cover a 12 by 10 plate with the 164 inch rapid lens—that is, to cover a circle with diameter equal to its focal length—we have to stop down to {r Here the landscape lens over takes the rapid one. With the same, or even a somewhat larger stop, it will include the same angle. Let us now examine the results which we have before us. We find that the single lens has certain advantages over others—notably, its few reflecting surfaces, its cheap ness, and the great equality of illumination which it gives. We find on investigation that it cannot be used with quite so large a maximum aperture as the rapid lens, but that in this respect it falls short much less than is commonly supposed. We find that with stops, if smaller than the lowest admissible with the rapid lens, it covers stop for stop a smaller angle ; but here, again, we find the difference less than one might suppose. Now let us see the possibilities which there we may deduce from this, if using single lenses for instantaneous work and portraits. In this greater number of subjects which are suitable for instantaneous work, a narrow angle of view is far more suitable than a wide one. This is specially the case with shipping and the like, where, if a wide angle is included, the ships are so dwarfed as to become quite insignificant. For example, in the case of a whole plate, a lens of sixteen or eighteen inches focus will generally give a much better picture than one with eight or ten inches. In such a case we may easily cover the plate with a single lens worked Y, or /, the difference of exposure given by this and the rapid lens at {. being by no means great. With the subject indi cated, and with a rapid plate, an exposure of l-10th second should be enough.
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