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The photographic news
- Bandzählung
- 29.1885
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- 1885
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig
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- Bandzählung
- No. 1382, February 27, 1885
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Zeitschrift
The photographic news
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Band 29.1885
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- Register Index III
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THE PHOTOGRAPHIC NEWS. Vol. XXIX. No. 1382.—February27, 1885. CONTENTS. PAGE Glass 129 The Phototype-Bloek Process of Thiriet and Houx 130 Photographing the Solar Corona 130 Mr. Cowan’s Eclipsing Arrangement for Changing Lantern Slides... .... 131 Isoehromatic Photography. By Bred E. Ives 131 Photo-Tricycle Apparatus as arranged by Messrs. Cussons and Co 131 The Glass HLouse—How to lie sign, Construct, and Furnish It. 132 A Dictionary of Photography 133 The Detective Camera in America 135 FAOE Reflecting Telescopes for Photography. By A. Ainslie Common 134 Notes 136 Patent Intelligence 131 Photography in One Lesson 133 How to Develop Landscapes upon Dry Plates. By Dr. IL W. Vogel 139 Correspondence 11° Proceedings Ill Talk 143 Answers to Correspondents 144 GLASS." 1 TWELFTH ARTICLE. British or Polished Plate.—A measure ot civilization of any country may consist in the statistics of its use of plate glass. That there is abundance of truth in this state ment cannot be denied. Take London, Paris, or Brussels, and compare them with Khartoum, Suakin, or Timbuctoo, in the matter of plate glass shop fronts, and you get a pretty fair idea of the relative position of these places in the civilization “gamut.” Seriously though, plate glass has had avast effect in the onward march of civilization— more so than might at the frst glance be supposed. It is impossible to underrate the advantages derived from plate glass in all matters appertaining to refinement, taste, art, commerce, luxury, and effect. Plate glass is a necessity of the age, just as much so as chimneys are needed to carry off the smoke, which the ancient Britons allowed to get out at their doors, or windows, or wherever it could. Quite apart from its general use, plate glass has considerable interest to the photographer—he uses it in a variety of ways; to set his gelatine plates upon, to spread his pellicle upon, to trim his prints upon, to bed his collotypes upon, to glaze his show cases with, and, in fine, to employ in many ways, such as using in large printing frames, making dishes, &c. Plate glass manufacture is carried on quite distinctly from sheet glass ; the whole process is much more refined, the works more substantial, orderly, and elaborate, as machinery of a high class has to be employed. The fur naces also are usually built much more substantially than those for sheet glass, and are constructed so that each pot can be withdrawn bodily when its contents are ready for pouring, and replaced whilst still hot to receive a fresh charge. The materials for making plate glass have to be selected with care, so as to ensure purity of colour and obtain a metal which shall “ fine ” well, pour well, and be capable of being handled when in large sheets, and finally receive a high polish in the finishing processes. The pots have a special form, to enable them to be lifted by the grippers and carried by a travelling crane to the casting table. The use of gas furnaces facilitates this operation, as there is no loose fuel adhering to the pots or their seats. The process of fusion is very similar to that employed in sheetor rolled glass works, only additional care has to be used to produce full pots of liquid metal of equal density through out. When the pots are ready for pouring, the furnace is opened opposite one, and a huge iron fork, similar to that employed in sheet glass works, is employed to lift the pot clean off its seat; then a pair of grippers, pendant from * Reference to previous articles, vol. xxvi., pages 675 and 737 ; vol. X. Pages 3, 98, 226, 419, and 767 ’ yol. xxyili,, pages 338, 856, 626, and the crane, grasp the pot, and it is moved to the casting table, which is of cast iron of large dimensions, and polished on its surface; the table rests on wheels moving on a tram, as in rolled plate works, and it is furnished with a large and heavy roller. The pot having been scraped outside, and the scum skimmed off the surface, its con tents are adroitly poured just in advance of the roller— pot and roller travelling at equal pace—and the metal is thus cast and squeezed out into a huge sheet, according to the dimensions of the table and the substance required, all of which have previously been determined upon. When all the clear metal is poured out the pot is quickly returned to the furnace to do duty again. As soon as the plate of cast glass is fit to move, it is slid off the large table on to a carrier table—a truck also running on a tram —and wheeled to the annealing kiln, where it remains from three to six days, according to the thickness of the plate, the heat being allowed very gradually to decline, until it is possible for a workman to enter the kiln to inspect the plates. Of course the largest and most perfect plates are those most prized, and these are selected for the subsequent operations of grinding and polishing into the article called “ polished plate.” The glass rejected from this selection is sold in the state it comes from the kiln under the name of “ Rough Cast Plate,” and varies in substance from ± of an inch to 1 inch or upwards, and is used for skylights, roofs, and the thicker kinds for floor ing where light is required below.) The operations of grinding and polishing require the agency of costly machinery, with much labour and atten tion. There are several methods, but that usually followed is to bed one plate on plaster of Paris, and superpose another plate capable of being moved with an eccentric motion horizontally over the lower one—sand and water are thrown in, and thus each plate grinds its opponent down flat by the instrumentality of the grains of sand. This process is applied to each side in sucoession until both sides are ground quite flat and smooth. Then fine emery is used to obtain a still smoother surface, when the glass is ready for polishing. The polishing machines are flat on the surface, covered with felt, and on these the plates are placed. Rubbers, also covered with felt, move to and fro, whilst the table travels slowly from side to side —the rubbers are charged with rouge and water, the attendants, usually women, keeping an eye on the pro cess, supplying the polishing paste, and stopping or starting the machine as occasion may require. Rouge cuts pretty well, and soon brings up a semi-polish; the attendants sponge off the spent polish and apply fresh as required until the surface is perfect, and when this arrives the glass is turned over and the other side similarly treated. If the operation has been successful in all its stages, there will result a huge plate of transparent glass, of equal substance,
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