CONTENTS. IX appears to be objectionable. — Lyell’s statement of this theory abridged. — The nature of the objections about to be advanced,—and the order in which they are proposed to be discussed - Page 212 CHAPTER XII. ARE THE PRIMARY SCHISTOSE ROCKS STRATIFIED? Definitions of the term stratum—not satisfactory—yet the basis of modern classifications. — If primary slates be stratified — so are also the granitic rocks. — Primary slates and sedimentary deposits said to be analogous — proofs thereof advanced by Lyell.—This opinion of their common origin combated — for, according to this evidence, the igneous rocks are analogous to the stratified — which involves a contradiction. — Granite said to be occasionally stratified. — Whence this contrariety of opinion ? —Attributable to the structure of rocks — common to the individuals of every geological epoch, — and every mode of origin.— Not dependent on the successive depositions —but superinduced during consolidation. — This no new doctrine as regards igneous rocks — ought to be extended to aqueous deposits. — The structure of rocks a variety or mode of crystallisation. — This subject demands farther investigation. Conclusion — primary slates not stratified, in the usual acceptation of the word - - - - - - 230 CHAPTER XIII. HAVE THE PRIMARY SCHISTOSE ROCKS BEEN ELEVATED INTO THEIR PRESENT INCLINED POSITIONS BY PLUTONIC AGENCY? Points proposed for discussion — the proofs of elevation — and the existence of an elevating [lower. — Position of tubulites in strata of Shropshire.—Elevated strata of conglomerate—in Suffolk, at Helford Harbour—at Bad-na-Bae.— Inclined fan-shaped strata of Caithness.— Depositions on inclined planes. — Calcareous grit of Palagonia. — Shingle strata at Monte Calvo.— Inclined strata of vast extent.— The vertical strata of the Isle of Wight. — The nature of'igneous elevations.— Igneous operations nowin action — earthquakes—volcanos—elevation craters not generally admitted.—Changes in the relative level of sea and land.—Temple of Serapis—coast of Chili—ancient beaches — subsidence of the Baltic — sea-cliffs and caves inland—sub-marine forests. — Phenomena of trap rocks — their position in the strata of Sicily, Sky, and Pembrokeshire. — Protrusion of granite—in a fluid and solid state—disputed.—De Beaumont’s theory.—Position of strata next granite—not always easily determined. —The bearings of primary strata not obvious—layers of these rocks threefold—continuous with, those of granite. — Conclusions - 257