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The chemical news
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The chemical news
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- Titelblatt Titelblatt I
- Sonstiges Advertisement III
- Ausgabe No. 1. - December 10, 1859 1
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- Ausgabe No. 15. - March 17, 1860 169
- Ausgabe No. 16. - March 24, 1860 181
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- Ausgabe No. 19. - April 14, 1860 217
- Ausgabe No. 20. - April 21, 1860 229
- Ausgabe No. 21. - April 28, 1860 241
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- Ausgabe No. 24. - May 19, 1860 277
- Ausgabe No. 25. - May 26, 1860 289
- Ausgabe No. 26. - June 2, 1860 301
- Register Index 313
- Beilage No. 1. December 10, 1859 I
- Beilage No. 2. December 17, 1859 IX
- Beilage No. 3. December 24, 1859 I
- Beilage No. 4. December 31, 1859 I
- Beilage No. 5. January 7, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 6. January 14, 1860 I
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- Beilage No. 8. January 28, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 9. February 4, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 10. February 11, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 11. February 18, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 12. February 25, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 13. March 3, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 14. March 10, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 15. March 17, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 16. March 24, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 17. March 31, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 18. April 7, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 19. April 14, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 20. April 21, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 21. April 28, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 22. May 5, 1860 I
- Beilage No. 23. May 12, 1860 I
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- Beilage No. 27. June 9, 1860 I
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THE CHEMICAL NEWS. Vol. I. No. 15.—March 17, i860. SCIENTIFIC AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. 45 { . 120 75 44 3i 45 . -14 45 • “59 45 —104 45 • — *49 On Numerical Relations existing between the Equivalent Numbers of Elementary Bodies, by Carey Lea. 1 It is evident that the number 44—45 plays an impor tant part in the science of Stoichiometry. If we form a descending arithmetical series beginning with antimony = 120-3 and diminishing by common difference of 45 (45’3 in one instance, and 44 in several) we shall find that such a series does not cease with the third term P=31 ; but that the difference of 3 I and 45 will give a fourth—14 the exact equivalent of nitrogen with the negative sign. The fifth will be —39 the equivalent of tin with the negative sign. The sixth — 104, or very nearly the equivalent of lead. The seventh —149, very nearly the double of the equivalent of arsenic, a previous term in the same series. These results are exhibited in the following table: Differences. Calculated Equivalents. Received Equivalents. Sb =120-3. As = 75. P =31. N =14. Sn = 59. Pb = io3'j. *As = i5o. The relations can be carried still further—the ninth term giving —239 or 2Sb=240-6; and the thirteenth, —416 or exactly 2Bi=4i6. If we examine the position occupied by antimony, arsenic, phosphorus and nitrogen in the electro-chemical scale of Berzelius, we shall find that in proportion as their equivalent numbers diminish, their properties become more and more electro-negative; a correspond ing change is also visible in the organic radicals which these elements are capable of forming by their union with carbon and hydrogen. Standing between nitrogen and arsenic, phosphorus is in every way more closely allied to the latter of these substances, not only by the analogies of its organic radi cals, but also by the polybasic nature of phosphoric acid. Although tin and lead represent further numbers of the same series in reference to their equivalent num bers it is evident that the increase of electro-negative relations does not extend to them. Moreover bismuth, antimony, arsenic, phosphorus and nitrogen at their maxi mum of oxidation combine with five equivalents of oxygen and chlorine, whereas tin unites with but two of each, and lead at most with two of oxygen and one of chlorine. Again if we begin with phosphorus and form an as cending series with a common difference of 44 or 45, we have P=3i+44=75 (As). 75 + 45=120 (Sb = 120-3). 120+44=164 (absent). 164+44=208 (Bi.) These four elements exhibit strong analogies, and are all isomorphous with each other. If taking mercury as the starting point we subtract 1 Abridged from Silliman’s Journal, Jan. i860. I the number 44 from each term to find the following one, | we shall obtain the (series) Hgioo—44=56(Cd). 56— l44=i2(Mg). 44—12= —32(Zn=32-6). The salts of the protoxides of the three last of these metals are iso morphous. It may seem forced to place mercury in the same group, but its analogies with zinc are perhaps as strong as those which it exhibits, with silver, next to which it has usually been classed. It is not a little curious that the numerically negative numbers of this series lead into the positive of the fore- j going: if we continue the subtraction of 44 we find for the fifth number 76, or nearly the equivalent of arsenic, i for the sixth 120, or nearly that of antimony, for the seventh 164, corresponding with a possible undiscovered | metal, and for the eighth 208, or exactly the equivalent of bismuth. The two series thus naturally lead to each other. The magnesia group includes a well-marked natural family of metals, whose oxides, having the constitution Ro, are related with each other by isomorphism. The equivalents of these metals, according to the most recent determinations, are as follows: — Mg 12 Ni 29 6 Cd 56. Mn 27-5 U 60 Cu 31-7. Fe 28 Or 267 Pb 103 5.I Co 29 5 Zn 32 6. The equivalents of the above metals are related in the following manner by the number 44. Cu and Mg, Zn and Mg, the sum of each pair is 44 nearly. With Cd and Mg, Pb and U, the difference of each pair is 44 nearly. With W and Mg, W and Fe, U and Co, U and Ni, U and Cr, Cd and Zn, the mean term is 44 or nearly. With Pb and Mn, Pb and Fe, Pb and Ni, Pb and Co, Pb and Cr, the sum of each pair is three times 44, or nearly. TJie equivalent of Mg added to that of Z11 gives 44 nearly, subtracted from that of Cd 44 exactly. The following metals may be classed together as tending to form acids: Sn 59 Ta 68-6 Va 68 Te 64. Ti 25 W 92- Mo 48 Nb 48-82. Relations depending upon the number 44 can be shown to exist between these equivalents, and these analogies,Rhough many are very complex, approach ex ceedingly near to absolute exactness. We give one or two illustrations. If we subtract Ti 25 from Ta 68-6 or Y 68-8 the remainders are 43-6 and 43-8 very nearly 44. If we add Sn 59, Ta 68-6, W 92, V 68-8, and Te 64, the result is 352 -4, or 8 x 44= 352. IfweaddTa68-6,M048, 2Sn 118, V68-8,Nb48-82, we have 352-22, 8 x44=352. If commencing with gold Au= 197, we form a dimin ishing series with a common difference of 44-5, We shall find for its tenns, 197 Au, 1 52-5 absent, 108 Ag, 63-5 or 611=63-4. The equivalent of Cu is here taken at double that usually emploj-ed, and it is doubtful if this be not the true equivalent. It can be shown that these metals as well as many others here grouped by relations depending upon a number approximating to 44-3 are also united by analysis of atomic volume. The same relation may be extended to the platinum
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