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April 1,1868.] THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT’S JOURNAL. 91 in the case of the Lydo-Assyrian figure of the pseudo-Sesostris at Nymphi. Although he had never discovered anything satis factory in this way near Ephesus, he did not consider - the sub ject exhausted, for though he was more inclined to look for the other pseudo-Sesostris nearer Smyrna, yet it might have been placed nearer Ephesus, as Herodotus spoke of it as being on the road from Ephesus to Phoetea. He had discovered a curious rock-cut watching place and cistern on the ridge of Messogis, going from Chirkinjee towards the village he founded at Azizieh. He likewise called attention to the nume rous caves, as that called of St. John, found in 1863, and the cave church on the road to Chirkinjee, which he regarded as having been formerly a temple or oracle. The floors of these caves, if properly examined, will most likely be found rich in pre-historic remains, throwing great light on the early con dition of this part of the world. With regard to the origin of Ephesus, he saw no ground for adopting any of the theories usually formed in books. He was much inclined to think from frequent observation that Ephesus was formed like some other ancient cities from the amalgama tion of three villages or towns founded on neighbouring hills, and which may account for the quarters and names of quarters afterwards found. As to the name of Ephesus he noted it as abnormal, and he did not accept the favourite etymologies. It did not appear to belong to the class of Iberian names which he had discovered in Western Asia Minor, showing an Iberian population conformable to that of Spain, and anterior to the Hellenic. Ephesus and the names of the other Amazonian cities were abnormal from both classes, and he was, therefore, inclined at present to consider them as belonging either to the period of alleged nomad invasion, or perhaps to the Lydo- Assyrian period of the rock-cut monuments. The explanation of this was, perhaps, to be sought not in any Semitic influence, but in a dynasty preceding the Semitic invasion of Mesopo tamia, and referable possibly to that period indicated as Turanian by the present connection of the Georgian and Tibetan languages, first proposed by Bryan Hodgson, and confirmed by himself. As yet Ephesus had not been explored or described, not withstanding the extent of that valuable monograph, the “ Ephesus ” of Edward Falkener, the architect, who, like Pro fessor Donaldson, was only a few days on the spot. It re quires for its due examination the long-continued labours of men of trained ability in explorations, like C. T. Newton or George Dennis. At present the monuments are being destroyed rather than examined. The neighbourhood of Ephesus, which he had partially ex plored, and part of which had been examined by Texier, re quired systematic investigation. Ephesus was evidently sur rounded by summer suburbs, or places for villeggiature, like all these Ionian cities. He had been on most of these sites. That at Eski Azizieh must have had a population of 20,000 ; but he did not expect any monuments would be found there, at Chirkinji, or at Azizieh, but he thought that below Azizieh, at Boorgas, and in the mountains on that side there was from the existing fragments some promise. Ortygia, Latorea, and the other old names of villages have yet to be identified. Referring the oldest known period of art to the Lydo- Assyrian, he said that Ephesus in its most flourishing period had been the seat of great schools of architecture, sculpture, painting, and medalling. It was formerly situated in the neighbourhood of two other rich temple cities, Samos and Magnesia-ad-Maandrum, and of Miletus and Tralles. Ephesus had been the birthplace and the residence of many of the most distinguished artists of classic times. According to Pliny, of the sacred buildings enriched with sculpture and ornament of such a description as entitled them to be called most famous, the first was the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, the second the neighbouring Temple of Apollo at Miletus, the third the Temple of Eleusis, and the fourth the Temple of Jupiter Olympius at Athens. Of the school of architecture least is known—only this, that its great buildings in the Ionic style gave employment to many of the greatest men, and particularly in the several re constructions of the Great Temple of Diana. Preonius is by Falkener placed as the architect of the sixth temple. He was architect of the Temple of Apollo at Miletus. The seventh temple is by him assigned to Ktesiphon, of Cnossus, and his son Metagenes. The latter was employed by Pericles on the Temple of Ceres at Eleusis. The architect of the eighth temple was Dinocrates, an architect frequently employed by Alexander. He laid out the city of Alexandria, and his projects included one for converting Mount Athos into a statue of Alexander, and another for suspending the statue of Arsinoe in a temple of loadstone. The name of Dinocrates is variously given. Rhoekus was a sculptor and architect, and father of Theodoras the architect. Demokritus, Ktesiphon, and Metagenes wrote on architec ture. Falkener, “Ephesus,” p. 132, quotes the following curious and ancient Ephesian law as to architects :—When an architect received the care of public work, he assured what would be the future cost, and was obliged to deliver up his property to a magistrate as a security till the work should be completed. If the expense then corresponded to the estimate, he was rewarded with decrees and honours, and if it did not exceed one-fourth part in addition, it was defrayed by the public, and no punishment inflicted ; but if it exceeded that sum, his property was made use of to complete the works. Twenty-five per cent, was assuredly a liberal margin. The school of sculpture embraced the greatest names. Rhoekus, and two or three sculptors named Hegesias, are known to have been natives of Ephesus. The most ancient work of art that bears the artist’s name engraved on it, is the Gladiator, by Hegesias, in the Borghese collection. Among those recorded as having practised there, are Phidias, Praxi teles, Polyclytus, Skopas, Thrason, Myron, Ktesilaus, Kydon, Heraklides, Mentor, Pharax, Phradmon, Henestratus, Euphra- nor, Klesis, Posidonius, Strongylion, and Messalinus. A celebrated select competition was for the statues of the Amazons for the Great Temple. The artists themselves were made judges, “ when it appeared that he was the best whom everyone esteemed next to himself.” The best then was Polycletus, whose Amazon is supposed to have been holding a bow, from the many copies of it which are now found. The next to him was Phidias, whose statue stood leaning on a lance ; the third, Ktesiphon ; the fourth, Kydon; the fifth, Phradmon ; and the sixth, Strongylion. whose statue was celebrated for the beauty of the legs. Rhoekus executed, for the Great Temple, an image of a female, called by the Ephesians “ Night.” Theodoras, the son of Rhoekus, is said to have carved half a statue of Apollo at Ephesus, the other half of which was executed at Samos by his brother (Pausanias x. 38), Telekles, who was the father of another Theodoras. There were works of Skopas in the temples at Ortygia, among others Latona with a sceptre, and Ortygia near her bearing the two children (Strabo, p. 639). Among the public statues were those of the Lacedemonian Commanders, Lysander, Etronikus, and Pharax, and of the Athenians, Konon and Timotheus. The Temple of Apollo contained a colossal statue of the god, supposed to be by Myron. This is thought to have been the statue of Apollo which was taken away by Antony and restored by Augustus, who was warned to do so in a dream (Falkener, 110). _ Behind the Temple of Hekate stood a famous statue of the goddess Hekate of Ephesus, the patroness of the magicians of the city. It was by Mencstratus, and of such splendour that the priests had to warn those who entered to shield their eyes from being injured by it. One of the last works mentioned is of the Roman time, when the citizens of Ephesus erected a golden statue in the Temple of Diana, in honour of Artemidorus, who obtained the restora tion of some of the domains of the temple (Strabo, p. 642). The Temple of Diana, according to Pliny, was full of sculp ture, almost all by Praxiteles. He was also shown some works by Thrason, and said that the statues alone of the temple would afford materials for many volumes. Thrason likewise executed the Hekatesiu m the Fountain Penelope, and the old Euryklrea. Mentor executed the statue of Diana Ephesia, the tools for working which were hung up in her temple. The same com pliment was paid to him in the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. He executed also silver vases. In the Temple of Diana was a statue of Philip of Macedon, destroyed by the mob in the time of Alexander.
