APPENDIX. 467 than past and future are formed by certain particles and parts of the substantive verb. The tenses are formed by the change of the initial letters and auxiliary particles. The roots of the verbs are usually of a participial nature; some of these are also nouns. The nouns are used with the article ny prefixed. These roots are used as verbs by the addition of forma- tives, among which are the following prefixing the word voa (ua in Polynesian), which signifies done, completed by some external agent, not by any internal process. By adding ena, ina, ana, or aina, and sometimes vina, to the root, the signification is parti cipial. By prefixing mi to the root, also by prefixing mampi to the root, this expresses the cause; and farther, by prefixing mifampi, which signifies reciprocity of cause, as, — I drink I cause another to drink they cause one another to drink misotro mampisotro mifampisotro There are a number of other forms of verbs. The subjoined paradigm of a regular verb will convey some idea of the precision and extent to which a single root can be used. II II 2