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ARCHEOLOGICAL PHOTOGRAPHY. Camber Castle, Sussex. Ant person who may have walked along the fine level road j which traverses the marshes between Winchelsea and Rye j —a distance of about two miles—must have observed on | his right, or east side, the substantial remains of a mediaeval j defensive work, or castle, consisting of a circular central tower surrounded by outworks, and now standing in the midst of a wide, green marshland, some considerable distance from the sea. This old fortress has been some times called Winchelsea, or “ Combre ” Castle, or “ Camber-before-Rye,” but is now always known as “ Camber Castle,” and is evidently a great object of interest to photographers, for we never visited the castle but we noticed one or two artists busily engaged with their cameras either inside or outside these picturesque ruins. It must not be forgotten that the whole coast between Winchelsea and Romney has undergone a very remarkable change during the last few hundred years, and land, now appearing as green fields or marshes, was once covered by water, and was, in fact, a very extensive arm of the sea, reaching from Winchelsea to Romney on the east, and to Appledore on the north, part of which formed the har- i hours of Rye and Winchelsea. Many small estuaries, or [ “cambers,” as they were some times called, indented these coasts, and it was for the de fence of these harbours that the old castle was erected on one of these “cam bers” (hence the name) midway between Win chelsea and Rye —a site very well chosen for such a work, because it was close to the water, and completely commanded the har bours on all sides. But, unfortunately, this camber gradually, but surely, went the way of former estuaries hereabouts, and in the course of a century left the castle high and dry nearly two miles from the sea. The site of this fortress (like those of Sandown, Deal, and Walmer, in Kent) having been carefully surveyed and inspected by Henry VIII. himself in person, the castle was at once erected by order of that monarch in 1540, a period when many defence works were undertaken on the south-east coast, the king having, apparently, some fear of invasion by the Roman Catholic powers, who seemed much dissatisfied with Henry’s “reforming” energy, and desired to induce him to return to “ the ways of grace ” by the gentle process of arms and bloodshed. The outlay for building this castle is said to have been £23,000, and this sum, together with the cost of the three Kentish castles already named, is reported to have been raised out of the spoils of Canterbury Cathedral, and the robbery and plunder of some of the religious houses. Camber Castle consists of one large circular central tower or keep, surrounded by small towers or lunettes, con nected by short curtains. A low battery once existed below the keep, with openings for guns, and loop-holes for small arms ; but these are now choked with accumulated earth. In Elizabeth’s day it was a place of much importance, and was repaired by her in 1584 at a cost of £171 13s. 4d., and was armed with nine guns, thus described: “ 1 iron canone, 8 brasse culverins, demi-culverins, and sacres.” As the sea gradually retired, however, the castle became of less and less utility, and in 1626, in the reign of Charles I., it was abandoned as a defence, and its guns and stores removed. Subsequentlv, in 1642, the Parliament ordered it to be entirely dismantled, and most of the materials sold, exactly as Sandown Castle in Kent was treated about thirty years ago. The building is now a mere shell, but is still an object of much artistic interest, and forms a very picturesque ruin, reposing in the midst of the wide stretch of green marshland and meadow, and will always very well repay a visit from both the artist and the photographer. It is open to the public. PRELIMINARY, SECONDARY, AND SUPPLE MENTAL LIGHTING.* BY DR. J. M. EDER. Immediately after the publication of this statement, Blanquart-Everard stated that he obtained pictures in shorter time when the interior of the camera was white instead of the usual black. This was sub stantiated by Kilburn, but denied by Claudet, or at least restricted to such cases where the outer light was not strong enough to form a strong image. Notwith standing these experiments, they were again brought up by Blair twenty years later, but he soon returned to the dark camera and a preliminary exposure under red light. Gunther, in Hanover, 1855, suggested a modification in which he advised a blue lilac colour in place of black. As a matter of fact, some photographers (Bellac and others) actually reduced the time of exposure with similar appa ratus. In the resulting discussion, in which Horn was especially active, it was soon shown that the reduction of time was at the expense of the picture, as the negatives were always flat. As a matter of fact, neither the quan tity nor intensity of light within the camera is under any control; and even if in some exceptional cases the requi site measure of supplementary lighting is attained, in the great majority of cases it results in failure. Consequently this expedient is practically useless; it is far more un reliable than the previous processes. Carey Lea condemned the white and red interiors of the camera. Especially with a strong light (landscapes, &c.), the bright high-lights would spoil the whole view, and result in fog and flatness. De Constant, who again investigated the matter in 1870, found that an entire white camera resulted in a flat picture, little relief, and a con fused appearance, as if the plate had been wiped over. If the top and bottom of the camera were black, and the * Continued from page 493.